Counterbalancing China or Exploiting BRICS

Counterbalancing China or Exploiting BRICS COUNTERBALANCING CHINA OR EXPLOITING BRICS: OPTIONS FOR INDIA INTRODUCTION 1.BRICS, a unique group of countries with shared opportunities common challenges, came into being in New York in Sep 2006. However, it was during the third Summit at Sanya, in China, in Apr 2011 that South Africa joined this group thereby completing the acronym. BRICS symbolises the amalgamation of the most powerful emerging economies of the world into a group whose composite economic strength will wrest the global economic power away from the developedG7economies. 2.BRICS economies account for a quarter of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been consistently displaying sustained high annual growth rates. The economic potential of the BRICS nations cannot be overlooked however, it is yet to be seen whether BRICS would only limit itself to being an economic group or will it also assert itself on the world matters in global forums that have been dominated by the G7 nations. The possibilities of using its economic potential are endless. In its quest to realise the stated goals, it is imperative that these nations work jointly cohesively. 3. The Sixth BRICS Summit held in Brazil on 16th 17th Jul was an important milestone for the member nations as well as huge economic opportunities for them as well as the member nations with the announcement of making BRICS Bank operational to be headquartered at Shanghai. China and India being the two of the largest and most influential members share an uneasy relationship both economically and politically. BRICS is the key to their relationship and path to mutual growth. Statement of the Problem 4.Can India leverage BRICS platform to offset its economic and border issues with China? Hypothesis 5.India can resolve its economic and border issues with China by leveraging BRICS platform. Method of Data Collection 6.The information for this paper shall be gathered through the study of various books, journals papers in print as well as the Internet. Views of various guest speakers would also be incorporated. An attempt would be made to refer the sources from various agencies. Scope 7.The scope of the Dissertation is:- (a)Background/Historical perspective of BRICS. (b)Economic potential of BRICS. (c)Significance of BRICS in global politics/ international governance. (d)Challenges faced way ahead. (e) Sino-Indian Disputes. (e)Sino-Indian Relations in Foreseeable Future. (f) How India can leverage BRICS. CHAPTERS Chapter I : Background/Historical Perspective Of BRICS 8.This section will attempt to throw light on the origin the journey of BRICS from its inception to the present day. It will also broadly cover important aspects of the Goldman Sachs report by Jim O’ Neil that brought about the acronym of BRICS. Chapter II : Economic Potential of BRICS 9.Developing to Emerging Economies. This section of the paper will bring out the geo economic geo political journey of individual nations, leading to their present status. It will also give out the steps initiated by the member nations of BRICS to emerge as a cohesive stable economic platform. It will also highlight the key economic reforms resorted to by the BRICS nations the latent potential existing with these members. 10.Present Scenario. This section will deal with the current economic potential of the BRICS nations, both individually collectively. The present potential of BRICS has been listed as progressive however certain critical aspects that boost the economic potential are not symmetric across the members of BRICS. 12.Future Potential. The future potential as predicted for the BRICS will be discussed in this section. This section will also analyse the barriers that BRICS can implement to immune itself from the present global economic slowdown thereby maintaining its economic growth. It will aim to bring out that as economic powerhouses regional hubs, intra-BRICS market integration can insulate these nations from worldwide economic downturn. Chapter III : Significance Of BRICS in Global Politics / International Governance 13. Economics Finance. The interaction of BRICS members in order to reform international financial system is likely to remain a key priority in the midterm perhaps also in the long term. 14. Global Politics. BRICS as a group has already accumulated valuable experience in coordinating actions with regard to several major global political problems. BRICSs deeper engagement with the UN will aim to preserve strengthen the central role of the Security Council in maintaining international peace security. 15.Security. The format of the BRICS does not provide for deliberating military, political issues developing mechanisms for military cooperation. However, there are regular meetings of the high representatives of the members on security issues, including strategic stability, international regional security, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction the settlement of regional conflicts. This section will aim to bring out the underlying security implications for the BRICS nations in current geo – political environment. Chapter IV : Challenges Faced Way Ahead 16.The BRICS is still in its nascent stage owing to which it is likely to face a number of challenges ahead. The member nations need to overcome the internal contradictions to develop the group into a cohesive entity. This section will analyse some of these challenges like:- (a)Growth Disparity between member nations. (b)Trade Imbalance Mutual Distrust. (c)Public Private Participation. (d)Policy reforms for BRICS members to make their growth processes more durable development oriented. (e)Bring out the need to reform the structure functioning of IMF. (f)Launching of a joint development bank. 17.The Way Ahead. Under way ahead, recommendations for BRICS nations to sustain their economic growth mutual development will be deliberated. The important aspects such as mutual cooperation, handling of economic situation, establishment of BRICS bank and other miscellaneous issues will be discussed. Chapter V : Sino-Indian Disputes. 18. This chapter will be covering the disputes between both the nations as under:- Border issues. Geopolitical threat. Economic imbalance. Tibet issues. Nexus with Pakistan. Potential arms race. Indian Ocean Region. Brahmaputra water projects dispute. (j) Race for minerals/hydrocarbons in Africa and CAR. Chapter V : Sino-Indian Relations in Foreseeable Future. 19. This Chapter will be dealing with the mutual relations:- (a) Political relations. (b) Economic relations. (c) Potential cooperation areas. Chapter V : How Can India Leverage BRICS? 20.Key Thrust Areas for India. There are a few key thrust areas that India must seek in order to enhance its influence in the world forums. These thrust areas such as strengthening economic infrastructure reforms, building strategic alliances with members of BRICS, maintenance of steady pace of economic growth; increasing service industry’s influence energy security will also be discussed in this section. 21.Leveraging BRICS. (a)Geo-Political Leverage. This sub section will bring out how India stands to gain Geo-Political mileage by being part of BRICS. It will cover the aspects that will bear major advantages for India in the Geo-Political sphere. (b) Economic Leverage. This sub section will dwell upon India’s likely economic gains from BRICS that will further boost its economic growth add greater value to its economic potential. (c) Geo-Strategic Leverage. BRICS offers India ample opportunities to enhance its global reach overcome certain strategic impediments. This sub section will view all these opportunities against the backdrop of the Geo-Strategic implications that they may bring forth. (d) Defence Cooperation. This sub section will analyse the opportunities that India will have in realms of security while being the member of this group especially as Russia China, two of major military powers also part of the group. CONCLUSION 19. It is well evident that BRICS has emerged as an entity that has the potential to challenge the influence of G7 in the world forums. This potential evolves from a sustained economic growth the diversity exhibited by its member nations. The economic potential of BRICS is the sole reason why it is being viewed as the initiation of a Multi Polar World Order that is set to overcome the unipolar hegemony of the US. However, BRICS, in order to maintain its economic potential will need to eradicate multiple challenges that it faces due to the Geo-strategic locations divergent national interests of its member nations. BRICS will be a success in true self only if India and China can resolve their mutual issues and steer it towards the path of development and prosperity.

The Future of Open Source :: essays research papers

A system without a display, for example, could discourage the development of graphical applications, or if it were difficult for several people to interact with the same application this could discourage some educational uses. Moreover, Fano noted that after a system starts to develop in a particular direction, work in this direction is preferred and it accelerates the development in this direction. As a result, â€Å"the inherent characteristics of a time-sharing system may well have long-lasting effects on the character, composition, and intellectual life of a community† (cf. Tuomi, 2002: 86). The modern concept of proprietary software emerged in the 1970s, when the computer- equipment industry began to unbundle software from hardware, and independent software firms started to produce software for industry-standard computer platforms. Over the decade, this development led to the realization that software was associated with important intellectual capital which could provide its owners with revenue streams. In 1983, AT&T was freed from the constraints of its earlier antitrust agreement, which had restricted its ability to commercialize software, and it started to enforce its copyrights in the popular Unix operating system. The growing restrictions on access to source code also started to make it difficult to integrate peripheral equipment, such as printers, into the developed systems. This frustrated many software developers, and led Richard Stallman to launch the GNU project in 1983 and the Free Software Foundation in 1985. Stallman’s pioneering idea was to use copyrights in a way that guaranteed that the source code would remain available for further development and that it could not be captured by commercial interests. For that purpose, Stallman produced a standard license, the GNU General Public License, or GPL, and set up to develop an alternative operating system that would eventually be able to replace proprietary operating systems. Although the GNU Alix/Hurd operating-system kernel never really materialized, the GNU project became a critical foundation for the open-source movement. The tools developed in the GNU project, including the GNU C-language compiler GCC, the C-language runtime libraries, and the extendable Emacs program editor, paved the way for the launching of other open-source projects. The most important of these became the Linux project, partly because it was the last critical piece missing from the full GNU operating-system environment. Eventually, the core Linux operating system became 431 The Future of Open Source combined with a large set of open-source tools and applications, many of which relied on the GNU program libraries and used the GPL. The first version of the Linux operating system was released on the Internet in mid-September 1991. The amount of code in the first Linux release was quite modest.

Media

In this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history: the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. Examine the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture: a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stages of the critical process: description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the uniqu e forms of creative expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication: the creation and use of symbol systems that convey Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass com munication: the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper mak e decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective exposure: people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium: an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. Older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. Convergence: a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform: describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to b etter understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high education, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial Junk circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent action films. Media The 1920’s in America was a time of unprecedented growth and cultural expansion, up to that time, than ever before. America had come back from Europe victorious in the Great War and the great cities like Chicago and New York, along with the rest of the country, was now a creditor nation. This growth helped to spark the second industrial revolution in which consumerism helped to drive the needs and wants of its people. More and more inventions which the modern American takes for granted started to flood into the culture at this time. This increase in consumerism was spurred on by the gains which technology helped to make possible. The 1920’s was a very important year for the media in this country and which served as not only one of the most interesting but important decades for this medium of American culture. Television was invented in this decade but would not be introduced on a national level until the 1939 World Fair and that was only a demonstration. People got their news through the newsreels at the movies, radio, for the few people that had then but mostly through newspapers. The latter was the most important and influential medium for Americans to receive their news. In New York City, there were seventeen daily newspapers with some turning out more than one edition a day. Eventually, the influence of the radio and television would come onto the national scene and usurp the influence that those mediums had on the 1920’s but with most mediums which have such an important and resounding influence on the nation and its culture, it had to have a beginning and for radio and motion pictures which portrayed the news, the 1920’s contributed a great deal to the formation and growth of these. The 1920’s was one of the most important years for popular culture in this country’s history. Some would say that the terms â€Å"pop culture† and â€Å"important† being used in the same sentence would be an oxymoron and usually, I would not be in total disagreement with them. However, the 1920’s ushered in a greater understanding of the country which was on the move and sought a higher standard of living then ever before. This newer sense of worldly capitalism came from technology and much of that was within the media. The 1930’s and the 1940’s would eclipse the 1920’s in its dependence upon the radio.   However, its importance at this time cannot be overlooked. In moving the consumerism that would help to define the decade, the radio was able to reach the masses in a way that was unthinkable just a decade before. One example was a simple advertisement in New York City for apartments in one of its Burroughs. This single thirty second advertisement spot created a rush of phone calls to the realtor in charge of the properties that the main phone server was shut down. Over $150,000 of apartments were bought in a single day and to adjust for inflation that number would be just short of $2 million.[1] It has been proven that people respond more to what they hear and see than what they hear. This is why most people today read very little compared to what their parents or grandparents did in their youth.   Seeing the news was simply more entertaining and enticing for the majority of people. The radio exploited that truth and as a result, became the central item in a person’s house as well as in their life as a main source for their news. The first presidential election was broadcasted over Pittsburgh’s KDKA in 1920.[2] People, for the first time, could hear in almost real time, the debates and election results as they first came over the wire. This helped to spur an interest in politics and world events which before, people could successfully avoid had they not felt interested in what was occurring outside of their immediate sphere of influence. â€Å"The radio helped to create a global society for Americans who would never, could never travel to the various places which radio brought to their living rooms.†[3] This served as its major appeal. The radio also served as free advertisements for the major sports of the day. It was first protested by the baseball owners who felt that radio was stealing their product and those who could listen on the radio, would be less compelled to come to the ballpark. This seems like common sense, but in reality, the exact opposite happened. Being reminded of the ballgame and in listening to the daily actions of their favorite team, spurred a heightened interest which could only be quelled by visiting the ballpark for oneself. As a partial result, along with the heroics of Babe Ruth and other famous athletes, the sports enjoyed a golden era in sports. â€Å"Jack Dempsey vs. Gene Tunney in boxing, the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame in Football, horse racing and the further cementing of baseball as the nation’s past time, all occurred in the 1920’s because of the advances in technology; especially in the media.†[4] Another form of the media which came to take hold in the 1920’s was the newsreels. The inventor of television is still under dispute but what is not under dispute is that even though the majority of advancements in television occurred in the 1920’s, television was non existent in American homes. The closest thing to come to television was the newsreels which occurred before, in between and after the movies at the local cinema. Each one was only a few minutes in length and before 1927, were all without sound. A newsreel in the 1920’s would bring scenes of the New York Yankees winning another championship or Notre Dame running to another undefeated season. It would also bring the events of the world and Presidents Harding and Coolidge. The death of President Wilson and the beginning of the slow death which would be the League of Nations would be shown to audiences. The Teapot Dome scandal helped to infuriate a nation over the corruption of their government as well as Charles Lindbergh flight from New York to Paris in 1927.[5] People could actually see Lindbergh leaving New York and arriving in Paris instead of just reading it. This produced a highly electric feeling; a feeling which made Lindbergh the most famous non athlete of the 1920’s in America. In Chicago, the Loeb and Leopold case would have been broadcasted to a shocked Chicago as well as the rest of the nation. Two very smart and over privileged boys sought to commit the prefect crime by killing a fourteen year old boy who was picked at random. That case and the 1925 Scopes Trial in Tennessee which put evolution on trial were two events in the judicial system which would command the attention of the American public in ways that the newspaper never could. The most important form of the media was the newspaper during the 1920’s. The newspaper served as an affordable form of news and which served as the rough draft of history. Despite many newspapers being heavily influenced by one political party over another, historians look to newspapers and other primary written sources more than the various elements of popular culture when trying to interpret an era in our nation’s history. Two of the most important newspapers of that time were the New York Times and Chicago Tribune. In the eighty years since the 1920’s, the subscription of the Chicago Tribune has actually decreased from 920,000 to a little more than 620,000 in 2006.[6] This truth, despite the fact that there are roughly 180 million more Americans in the country and Chicago land, which currently totals more than 5.5 million people, helps to explain the rapid decline in the power and influence which newspapers had from then until now.[7] Also, most of the major newspapers had more than one edition per day. The Chicago Tribune would have a morning edition and then a later afternoon edition that same day with a comparable circulation. The price of the newspaper at that time was 2 cents in the city and up to 3 cents in the suburbs. Therefore, it was a cheap form of receiving the news and one which was readily available throughout the city and suburbs.   The newspaper would be divided into sections: World and Sports with other sections inverted into those sections. The events of the world and important political actions would be seen on the front of the page with editorials towards the end of the World section. Box scores and â€Å"In the Wake of the News† would help its readers to follow the actions of their favorite team.   Local sports were also very important as was seen when 109,000 people showed up at Soldiers Field in Chicago to watch the city’s high school championship football game. Another important aspect of the newspaper was the advertisements within its pages.   The largest section would be reserved for the Saturday and Sunday papers. Despite its crude pictures compared to today’s standards, seeing a model wearing the largest fashions were even more influential than the fashion magazines of its day. This helped to promote the consumerism that was so easily identifiable with the 1920’s. People need to be reminded of what will make their lives better, regardless of how little that item is actually needed. This was the job of the major clothing companies and department stores of the day and they looked to the newspapers as the number one form of advertisement for their business. One store owner stated: â€Å"The secret is not how to supply the goods but how to supply the customers by making them want what we have to sell.† This is one of the most daunting problems which face advertisers: How to create demand for the products which a producer has to sell and which usually is not essential for the customer to have. By creating an illusion in the customer’s mind which tells him or her that such an item is essential to their continued happiness; the store that can do that, will never have to worry about producing the customers and with the mass production of their products through the modern inventions of various machines, producing the goods was neither a problem as well. At that time, they were the most important form of advertisement for the major companies in America and the store owners who took advantage of this influential medium, enjoyed high returns on their investments. The media is important in this country, not just to tell us what our nation’s movie starts up to but they serve as the first draft of history. Historians, when attempting to fully appreciate the era which they study, refer to scholarly sources but it is the primary source which is usually seen as the Holy Grail. The media in all of its various forms helps the historian as well as the interested in knowing what the society at that time felt was important and was of an interest to the country at that time. The use of the radio, newsreels and newspaper all served that purpose and help to give future generations a closer look at what motivated the country as a whole and how the media helped to motivate the shape the country as well. The stuffy of the media, in all of its forms and in the years since Thomas Paine’s Common Sense in 1776 sought to convince the rest of the colonists that the choice before them was as simple yet profound as liberty or death. In much of the same way, though not always as dramatic, the mass production of sounds, words, images and ideas, which are spread across the country and even the world; it has been the media, although not always unbiased, which has helped to bring America into the information age. As the radio and newsreels were to this generation, the Internet is to Americans of this era. Despite its major differences, they both have a lot alike and show that the more things change, the more they really do stay the same. The method of transporting information might have improved but it still affects the way people think, feel and even vote. WORKS CITED Burns, Ric   The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles: Time Warner 1999 Paine, Thomas Common Sense New York: WW Norton   1948 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987 Front page of the Chicago Tribune   October 10, 1925 Front Page of the New York Times   June 15, 1927 Top 10 American Newspapers http://www.newspapers.com/top10.html Downloaded July 10, 2007 [1] Burns, Ric   The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles: Time Warner 1999 [2] Burns, Ric   The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles: Time Warner 1999 [3] Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 18 [4] Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 22 [5] Burns, Ric   The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles: Time Warner 1999 [6] http://www.newspapers.com/top10.html [7] Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 28    Media News media plays an important role in by providing information to the public about matters affecting their lives and the society in which they live. The news media also plays an important role in identifying nonmarket issues and stimulating action that affects their progress. The news media finds business of interest, and with stories instantly transmitted worldwide by the broadcast media and the Internet, a firm's actions are in the eye of the media and under the scrutiny of interest groups, activists, and government. A fortune 500 company can have a great year according to their annual report, and then get hit by a series of blasts from the media about their labor practices, causing sales to plummet . Many companies dread media coverage of their nonmarket issues and have had to develop a capability for interacting with the media. The essential role the news media plays in a democracy is accompanied by a responsibility to provide information in an accurate and unbiased manner so that individuals can formulate their own conclusions about issues. News organizations face incentives, including those provided by profits, and pressures from competition among news organizations. Similarly, journalists face incentives associated with career and professional advancement. These incentives and pressures complicate the fulfillment of that responsibility. The news media itself is a diverse collection of organizations, including television, radio, internet services, blogs, newspapers, magazines, and journals, and each faces its own set of challenges. Management and journalists are different in their perspective on what constitutes who, what where and why of a story. Media companies are motivated by profit so management is concerned with the story that makes the most profit. On the other hand, And journalist are guided by professional standards and their conduct is governed by editorial control when choosing and reporting their subject matter. So whatever journalists have career interest. Editorial control govern their conduct. In the 21st century large media companies like Time Warner Cable, ABC, NBC and CBS, etc., control the media. It's all ratings and profitability. The higher their ratings, the better the profit for the large media companies. Media In this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history: the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. Examine the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture: a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stages of the critical process: description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the uniqu e forms of creative expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication: the creation and use of symbol systems that convey Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass com munication: the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper mak e decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective exposure: people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium: an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. Older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. Convergence: a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform: describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to b etter understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high education, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial Junk circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent action films. Media In this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history: the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. Examine the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture: a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stages of the critical process: description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the uniqu e forms of creative expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication: the creation and use of symbol systems that convey Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass com munication: the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper mak e decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective exposure: people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium: an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. Older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. Convergence: a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform: describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to b etter understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high education, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial Junk circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent action films.

Analysis of the Raven and the Cask of Amontillado

Symbolic Deaths Edgar Allan Poe wrote multiple pieces of work that were phenomenal. Two of his greatest works of literature were â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† Despite one of these being a poem and the other a short story, they both have similarities in their uses of imagery and intense symbolizations. The symbolism, in both pieces, takes one on a journey to dark, lonely places. One is allowed to feel the mood and intentions of each work through its extremely isolated settings in dark, dreary locations. The Motive for Murder in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Elena Baraban, shows supporting reasons of this, as well. In â€Å"The raven,† Poe wisely chose individual words and phrases to serve the purpose of symbolizing death and what†¦show more content†¦Carnivals are places people dress up to go and rid their normal habits of a regular day and this clown costume, if you will, is a way for Montresor to become even more devious. If a carniv al is set to represent celebrations, then this murder is his celebration as he pours back the humiliation, he felt, on his friend. This can be proven as Montresor himself said, â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦At length I would be avenged† (Poe 533). Within the settings of these pieces are words and objects that get Poe’s point of no return and death across to its readers. â€Å"The Raven,† incorporates the darkness of death and all of, what one could see as, the negative aspects of it. â€Å"Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night’s Plutonian shore,† (line 24) is collage of words to symbolize nothingness. When one combines the word ‘shore’ with a word of a Roman god (Pluto) and ‘night,’ it enhances the meaning in its entirety; it represents a vast sea of nothing with all its mysteriousness. The author, Poe, is desperately trying to escape the pain of this death. In attempts of this creates another symbol when he said, â€Å"Quaff, oh quaff this kind of nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore† (Line 83). Nepenthe was founded in ancient times and was used as drug to help reduce one’s pain and sorrows, to induce forgetfulness. If the narrator lost his one and only true love, then this servesShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1493 Words   |  6 PagesBrooke Womack Literary Analysis Paper Into to Literature: American I Dr. Julia Pond 12 October 2017 The Cask of Amontillado The Cask of Amontillado is a tale of terror written by Edgar Allen Poe. This short story is from the point of view from Montresor’s memory. The setting of this story is in a small unnamed European city, at a local carnival and then at the catacombs under Montresor’s home, around duck. The brief synopsis of this story is about the revenge that the Montresor, the antagonistRead MoreFor the Love of God, Poe! Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagessupernatural poem â€Å"The Raven†, Poe’s tales are a direct byproduct of the mayhem experienced in his life, as well as his (arguably) psychologically-tormented mind. Though all of this author’s pieces are very rich in elaborate themes, motifs, and especially fantastically blatant irony, one particularly stands out to me -- â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. This story recounts how a man called Montresor seeks revenge upon a â€Å"friend† who allegedly insulted him. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, the brilliant use ofRead MoreAnalysis of Poes Successes and Failures in Poetry and Fiction1745 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Poes Successes and Failures in Poetry and Fiction Edgar Allan Poes career may have been a failure considering what he set out to do, but he did achieve some success and notoriety in his own lifetime. His most successful poem was, of course, The Raven, a piece he composed to satisfy popular taste. But some of his short fiction was popular as well. As an editor and publisher, however, Poe did not quite achieve the greatness he sought. His legacy grew only after his death, thanksRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Critical Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesat a young age and his foster parents disowning him to marrying his cousin and never settling down in one place. Poe had a unique and tumultuous life full of ups and downs which relate to his characters and the themes of his stories. In The Cask of Amontillado poe uses irony, symbolism and the theme of revenge to draw in the reader and to leave and deep emotional reaction to the story that won’t soon be forgotten. Edgar Allan Poe was born January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His ParentsRead MoreRomanticism Defined By The Merriam Webster Dictionary1864 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"[Edgar A. Poe] never rests. There is a small steam-engine in his brain, which not only sets the cerebral mass in motion, but keeps the owner in hot water. His face is a fine one, and well gifted with intellectual beauty. Ideality, with the power of analysis, is shown in his very broad, high and massive forehead — a forehead which would have delighted Gall beyond measure. He would have have [[sic]] made a capital lawyer — not a very good advocate, perhaps, but a famous unravelled of all subtleties. HeRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 Pages or hurt, what is most loved. The final set of contrasting ideas is the fortune and misfortune. While these seem too apparent, they often overlap within a particular character and their situation. This is shown in the short stories â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†. Each of the characters is blessed with a contrasting set of prosperity and ill. In â€Å"The Pit and Pendulum†, Poe creates one of his sanest characters and pits them against one of the hardest emotion to faceRead MoreRunning Head: Edgar Allen Poe 1. Edgar Allen Poe2. . .1286 Words   |  6 Pageswidely as guides and models for writers in the whole of American genre until the present day (Bagert, 2008). No individual with interest in the short-story can afford to ignore Poe’s fiction and ideas. This paper therefore seeks to make a literary analysis on the contribution of Poe to the American literature. Poe was very much influential in helping the American literature to become more metaphysical and philosophical than it had ever been, more also with regards to dark Romanticism of the GermanyRead MoreThe Works Of A Depressed Man Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesPoe: The Works of a Depressed Man In this paper, will analyze the works of the great poet Edgar Allen Poe. My focus of this analysis will be his theme and how it related to his life. The poems I will be analyzing are Annabel Lee, The Raven, and Spirts of the dead to show the themes of Poe’s works. My analysis will show how Poe used the tragic events of his life as well as a few of the good things that happened to ultimately inspire themes of death, depression, and despair as well as some other minorRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe : A Literary Catalyst2302 Words   |  10 Pagesspeaking fowl in â€Å"The Raven† and the symbol of death and pain in the pendulum in â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum.† The poem â€Å"The Bells† has examples of fantastic application of onomatopoeia, like that in â€Å"By the twangling/and the clanging†¦.In the jangling/and the wrangling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Alliteration and assonance, as well as internal rhyme, line length and varied meter and punctuation, are utilized as tools to help create the bell-imitated rhythm that the poem holds. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, Poe employs ironicRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 Pages1531). His lifetime of troubles may have shaped his stories of haunting and death. His reputation as one of the key writers of the macabre in the 18th century is due to selections of poetry and prose such as, â€Å"The Raven,† The Purloined Letter, The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Amontillado. His story, â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue,† is considered to be the first modern detective story. Poe tried to make writing his sole means of work but found that was not possible so he spent time doing different

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1453 Words

Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, certain characters help influence the development of Huck’s morality immensely. For instance, Jim gave Huck a sense of loyalty and respect, Meanwhile Huck’s father and the con men Huck encountered allowed him to see how not to treat others and what not to value. With all these influences weighing on Huck, he was able to progressively learn how to choose between the rights and wrongs amongst the decisions made by himself and others around him. Huck’s moral development as a character is mostly credited to himself in learning how to analyze situations and people in his life and deciding whether or not they keep strong values and morality. Throughout the beginning of the story,†¦show more content†¦His only experiences in life are negative but he refuses to give up. Huck developed the courage to escape the situation and go about on his own. In the text, Huck narrates â€Å"It was kind of lazy an d jolly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishing, and no books nor study. Two months or more run along, and my clothes got to be all rags and dirt, and I didn’t see how I’d ever got to like it so well at the widow’s, where you had to wash, and eat on a plate, and comb up, and go to bed and get up regular, and be forever bothering over a book, and have old Miss Watson pecking at you all the time. I didn’t want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn’t like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn’t no objections. It was pretty good times up in the woods there, take it all around. But by and by pap got too handy with his hick’ry, and I couldn’t stand it. I was all over welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in† (Twain 26). This is the point in the story where Huck analyzes how he isn’t being treated fairly and needs to leave. I think that is a huge step, being able to leave your normal life and start a new one is tremendous for someone as young as he. This also represents the beginning development of his morality, he’s able to conclude that what his father has been doing to him is not right or fair. Soon enough, Huck proves a development of sympathy and

Mark Edmundson And Paulo Freire - 915 Words

Although Mark Edmundson and Paulo Freire believe that a higher form of education such as, a stronger teaching ethics, deeper understanding, and more passionate students is needed to correct the issues at hand. In their essay they both adopt a different style to present tis idea. Paulo Freire wants the individual to form himself rather than be formed. To this end, he proposes that educational topics or opportunities be taken from the daily experience the individual constantly encounters and avoid the current educational pitfall of resorting to artificial experiences. While, Edmundson is trying to show how education has change due to the leak of consumerism into universities. Edmundson acknowledge his own conformity and promise to change back to what he thinks will make a good class and challenge his students to think on another level. Paulo Freire dwells on the idea that a teacher’s task is to simplify â€Å"fill† a student’s mind. He describes the banking concept as a habitual learning process where the teachers oppress the knowledge that they considered important on the student by supplying the student with the material and not given them the opportunity to question the material presented. Freire states; that â€Å"In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who considered themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they considered to know nothing. Projecting an absolute ignorance onto others, a characteristic of the ideology of oppression, negatesShow MoreRelatedTraditional Education1159 Words   |  5 Pagesare unsure of whether they should go into the armed forces or join what Paulo Freire describes as a â€Å"misguided system† of education (Freire 1). Some students have been citing the need for educational reform in response to the age old question â €Å"should I go to college?† Too distracted by the weight of the reform problems, many haven’t realized that there’s a reasonable solution. While 1960’s Paulo Freire and 1990’s Mark Edmundson both agree that they wanted students to revolt against their respectiveRead MoreEducation : Consumer Vs. Liberal Education916 Words   |  4 PagesEducation: Consumer vs. Liberal Education Both writers, Paulo Freire and Mark Edmundson have a sense of the teacher – student relationship that is based on some experiences they have had. The relationships are not mutual; it is more of a give and take understanding. The schools will stop at nothing to attract students to their universities even if it goes against morals and norms. Although others have noted liberal education is the new way of conducting business, they have overlooked the importanceRead MoreAn Article About The Educational System And Where We Stand On A Global Scale960 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents accepting that explanation as fact. Of course the transmitter receiver style of education, has been challenged by some. Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator, presents the argument that the class room should be more of a two-way conversation. According to an article by John Sparks, Freire considers traditional education to be a â€Å"teacher-student contradiction.† Freire believes that each individual should be able to contribute to the classroom setting, adding their own perspective and making aRead MoreEducational Concerns Built On Generalizations1196 Words   |  5 Pagespoints. Clearly any student can remember cramming for exams. Many hear the complaints of a generation nation. We are a consumer culture. The articles â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education†, by Paulo Freire and On the Uses of a Liberal Education: As Lite Entertainment for Bored College Students, by Mark Edmundson, are generalizations. Their articles may make one consider the education system is close to broken. There are facts that may prove otherwise. FREIRE’S POINT Freire’s ideas point to education

Principles of Auditing and Assurance Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Auditing and Assurance Ethics. Answer: Introduction: Considering the principles of Accountants Code of Ethics, it can be said that Peter Harmon has not violated the principles of professional ethics. As per the principles under section 240-241, Code of ethics B, consideration of professional accountant in public practice includes referral fee or commission if it is not received or paid that creates self- interest threat with respect to objectivity, integrity and professional competence and due care. Professional ethics on competence and due care requires the accountants to possess skills and knowledge to provide competent services in order to act diligently for clients (Bonaci et al. 2013). However, in the given case 10% commission received by Peter Harmon for sale of computer services is in accordance with the principles of Accountants Code of Ethics. According to the principles of Accountants Code of Ethics, professional accountant or auditor is required to maintain the confidentiality of clients business and necessary information. In the given situation, David Smith, an auditor referred ten clients to the Allied Insurance Company without their awareness hence, it can be said that David has violated the principles of ethics in terms of confidentiality. Code of ethics regulation provides that professional auditor is required to maintain clients confidentiality to keep the business information private (Bampton and Cowton 2013). Auditor can disclose certain information only is it is required by legislation and with the permission of respective clients. David as an auditor referred ten clients without clients knowledge hence, he is contented to have violated confidentiality and professional behavior and would be held under APES 110 for professional misconduct. As per ethical code APES 110, profession accountants and auditor is required to maintain integrity, objectivity and professional competence and due care. Wrench Company, Chartered Accountant in the given situation maintains details of clients in the computer records to use as per the requirement. In order to assist the clients for input data Wrench and company is able to arrange the members from administration as well as audit branch while the audit staffs can be involved for client audit if required by audit partners. Accordingly, the company said to have violated the ethical principles in terms of objectivity, competence and due care because requirement of audit partner cannot be replaced with the audit staffs. Accountants Code of Ethics and conceptual framework it is against the principles to make solicit approaches to the clients or professional parties through the electronic mode or by any other means. In the present situation, Stephanie Barrys audit client Williams Pty Ltd uses the management services from another public accountant accordingly, Barry provides her firms literature to Williams for management services based on monthly records which was unsolicited. As per the regulation of code of ethics APES 110, unsolicited services are fair and common while solicited services are against the ethical principles (Tweedie et al. 2013). Therefore, Stephanie Barry cannot be said to have violated the principles of ethics and cannot be held for professional misconduct based on Accountants Code of Ethics. Ethical Codes on professional accountant and auditors provides that an employee of the organization or a member of the company cannot be an auditor or audit assistant of the company. It is stated that the auditor of the organization should be independent and not to be involved in any business activities or any business decision which influence the auditors opinion (Soltani and Maupetit 2015). The present case of Katrina Ng, an audit manager of the non- profit organization as well as an honorary Board member which does not include her activities in management capacity. Principles of professional ethics provide that the auditors involvement in the companys management affect the independence, confidentiality and competence. Therefore, it can be concluded that Katrina has violated the principle ethics on auditor independence being an honorary member of the audit company. Services of professional accounting include auditing assurance, tax advisory general business advisory and consultancy under the professional legislation. Peter Beattie in this case is a public accountant, provides services of tax advisory, management, book- keeping and auditing for the same audit client. In view of the professional services as per Accountants Ethical Code includes all the services providing by Peter Beattie to the audit client (Griffith, Hammersley and Kadous 2015). Accordingly, Peter Beattie cannot be held liable for violating the principles of ethics or professional misconduct under the regulations of APES 110. APES 110 under Accountants Code of Ethics states that the professional accountants should not advertise their professional work or they should not be involved in case of inaccurate publicity. Further, code of ethics also provides that the professional accountants must not be involved in comparisons for professional capabilities with any other professional member (Han Fan, Woodbine and Cheng 2013). Accordingly, advertisement of professional audit work in the local newspaper with the colorful pictures of staff along with the comparison from other professional is said to be against the ethical principle of professional behavior and integrity. Therefore, Hornsby Auditors is to held liable for professional misconduct against the principle of ethics for integrity and professional behavior because the auditor entered into inappropriate publicity to obtain clients. As the auditor advertised the work in local newspaper and compared the professional work for providing benefit of higher tax ded uctions to the clients hence, Hornsby is said to have violated ethical principles. Regulation of Accountants Code of Ethics provides that professional accountants are entitled to retain books and statutory documents of clients if there is a default in payment of audit fees. The auditor can take this action to exercise claim for the purpose of delayed audit fees against the audit work (MaAyan and Carmeli 2015). In the given situation, David Cheadle audited the books and financial statements of Nestree Ltd for the year ended 30 June 2015 but the payment of audit fees had not been made. Accordingly, he is entitled to retain the books and documents of the audit client to claim against the dues, which is not against the ethical principles of APES 110 also he can continue the audit process for subsequent year 2016. In the given case, auditors inability to obtain the confirmations from three major customers of the audit client that is included in the sample while the auditor satisfied himself for the available account balances used in other audit procedures. As the auditor failed to obtain the confirmations from third party with respect to the major customers of the audit client, there is information or details on the misrepresentation identification (Dombrowski, Smith and Wood 2013). Therefore, the auditor in this case should state unmodified- emphasis of matter paragraph as audit opinion in the audit report for the verification of clients financial statements. This audit opinion is required because the auditor had not found any material misrepresentation or non- compliance of GAAP in the financial report hence, the auditor should highlight the fact of non- confirmation from third parties to draw the users attention. The auditor provides Disclaimer of opinion if there is limitation on the scope of audit procedures by the organizational management and as a result, auditor is not able to complete accurate audit report. In the present situation, auditors client restricted the auditor to examine the records of property, plant and equipment that forms a material part i.e. 20% of the total assets (Craft 2013). As per the standards of accounting and auditing, property, plant and equipment forms an integral part of the companys total assets therefore, it is important to conduct proper examination and verification of the fixed assets to analyze the true and fair view of the financial information and disclosures. In this case, as the company restricted the auditor in verify the integral fixed asset, auditor is bound to provide disclaimer of opinion. If the management governance of the audit client provides limitation on the scope of audit evidence then the auditor is required to state disclaimer of opinion in the financial report because the auditor could not present accurate audit report. Besides, unmodified opinion- emphasis of matter paragraph is to be given if the auditor finds that the financial statements are in compliance of GAAP and there is no misrepresentation but there is lack of confirmation from material sources (Tsipouridou and Spathis 2014). Hence, in this case, exclusion of contingent liability disclosure should be reported as an unmodified- emphasis of matter paragraph in the financial report to draw users attention. Moreover, in case the liability occurs as actual liability, it will affect the materiality of the financial position therefore, auditor should provide disclaimer of opinion due to the limitation in the scope of audit evidence. If the financial statements have not been prepared in accordance with the regulations of GAAP, auditor is required to provide adverse opinion. In addition, if the financial statements represent gross misrepresentation due to fraud or error while recognizing and representing financial information then adverse opinion should be provided (Chen et al. 2013). In the given situation, significant proportion of cash sales and appropriate records of the retailer have not been maintained appropriately. To determine the appropriateness and accuracy of cash sales, no audit test can be performed in particular. Therefore, the auditor is required to provide adverse opinion because there was misrepresentation in the financial statements due to error in recognizing cash sales, which is an integral part in determining the profitability. As per the auditing standards, it is important to examine the opening balance of books of accounts for the auditing financial year. The auditor performs the audit procedure for the current year on the basis of appropriate and accurate recognition of accounting balances of previous financial years (Lobo and Zhao 2013). However, in the present situation, the audit client refused to supply details and information on the opening balances of the accounts as the management contended that the financial information of the current year free from material misstatements. Therefore, it can be said that auditor should provide disclaimer of opinion since, there was limitation on the scope of obtaining audit evidence with respect to the opening balance of the previous years accounting balance. In order to prepare and present the financial report of the organization it is important to follow the regulations of Australian Accounting Standards and GAAP to measure true and fair results. However, the organizational management is responsible to recognize the financial information in compliance with the principles and standards of accounting for the benefit of users. Auditor has reasonable responsibility to determine the correctness and accountability of organizational financial information (Skaife, Veenman and Wangerin 2013). Therefore, in case the auditor finds any misrepresentation or error in preparation of financial statements along with the non- compliance of GAAP then the auditor is required to provide adverse opinion. Hence, in the given situation, adverse opinion should be provided because the audit client did not follow the principles of Australian Auditing Standards from last five years. During the process of audit, non- compliance of Australian Auditing Standards provides material effect on the accurate results of organizational financial statements. In such situation, auditor is required to provide adverse opinion stating the non- compliance of the regulations and principles that affect the transparency and accountability of the financial statements (Zimmerman 2016). In the present case, the client used LIFO method for inventory accounting, which is not permitted in accordance with the Australian Auditing Standards. Additionally, this method affected the financial position of the organization in terms of inventory value since it constitutes a significant part of the total assets. Therefore, auditor should provide adverse opinion for applying inappropriate method on valuation of inventory in presenting the financial statements. Preparation of financial statements based on going concern framework is managements responsibility whereas auditor is responsible to measure the appropriateness of going concern assumption as per ISA 570. Therefore, if the auditor discovers the companys inability to maintain going concern then the explanatory paragraph followed by the opinion paragraph is to be given (Goh, Joos and Soonawalla 2016). Accordingly, in the given situation auditor identified substantial doubt on going concern but there was no material misstatement was discovered. Hence, modified opinion including an explanatory paragraph highlight reason on liquidation of organizations major customers is to be provided. Reference List Bampton, R. and Cowton, C.J., 2013. Taking stock of accounting ethics scholarship: A review of the journal literature.Journal of Business Ethics,114(3), pp.549-563. Bonaci, C., Strouhal, J., Mllerov, L. and Roub?kov, J., 2013. Corporate Governance Debate on Professional Ethics in Accounting Profession.Central European Business Review,2(3), pp.30-35. Chen, J., Cumming, D., Hou, W. and Lee, E., 2013. Executive integrity, audit opinion, and fraud in Chinese listed firms.Emerging Markets Review,15, pp.72-91. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), pp.221-259. Dombrowski, R.F., Smith, K.J. and Wood, B.G., 2013. Bridging the education-practice divide: The Salisbury University auditing internship program.Journal of Accounting Education,31(1), pp.84-106. Goh, L., Joos, P. and Soonawalla, K., 2016. Determinants and Valuation Implications of Compulsory Stock Option Disclosures in a Weak Regulatory SettingThe Case of France.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,27(1), pp.26-64. Griffith, E.E., Hammersley, J.S. and Kadous, K., 2015. Audits of complex estimates as verification of management numbers: How institutional pressures shape practice.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(3), pp.833-863. Han Fan, Y., Woodbine, G. and Cheng, W., 2013. A study of Australian and Chinese accountants attitudes towards independence issues and the impact on ethical judgements.Asian Review of Accounting,21(3), pp.205-222. Lobo, G.J. and Zhao, Y., 2013. Relation between audit effort and financial report misstatements: Evidence from quarterly and annual restatements.The Accounting Review,88(4), pp.1385-1412. MaAyan, Y. and Carmeli, A., 2015. Internal Audits as a Source of Ethical Behavior, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Work Units.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-17. Skaife, H.A., Veenman, D. and Wangerin, D., 2013. Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), pp.91-110. Soltani, B. and Maupetit, C., 2015. Importance of core values of ethics, integrity and accountability in the European corporate governance codes.Journal of Management Governance,19(2), pp.259-284. Tsipouridou, M. and Spathis, C., 2014, March. Audit opinion and earnings management: Evidence from Greece. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 38-54). Elsevier. Tweedie, D., Dyball, M.C., Hazelton, J. and Wright, S., 2013. Teaching global ethical standards: a case and strategy for broadening the accounting ethics curriculum.Journal of business ethics,115(1), pp.1-15. Zimmerman, A., 2016. The Joint Impact of Management Expressed Confidence and Response Timing on Auditor Professional Skepticism in Client Email Inquiries.Managerial Auditing Journal,31(6/7).