The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1453 Words

Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, certain characters help influence the development of Huck’s morality immensely. For instance, Jim gave Huck a sense of loyalty and respect, Meanwhile Huck’s father and the con men Huck encountered allowed him to see how not to treat others and what not to value. With all these influences weighing on Huck, he was able to progressively learn how to choose between the rights and wrongs amongst the decisions made by himself and others around him. Huck’s moral development as a character is mostly credited to himself in learning how to analyze situations and people in his life and deciding whether or not they keep strong values and morality. Throughout the beginning of the story,†¦show more content†¦His only experiences in life are negative but he refuses to give up. Huck developed the courage to escape the situation and go about on his own. In the text, Huck narrates â€Å"It was kind of lazy an d jolly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishing, and no books nor study. Two months or more run along, and my clothes got to be all rags and dirt, and I didn’t see how I’d ever got to like it so well at the widow’s, where you had to wash, and eat on a plate, and comb up, and go to bed and get up regular, and be forever bothering over a book, and have old Miss Watson pecking at you all the time. I didn’t want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn’t like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn’t no objections. It was pretty good times up in the woods there, take it all around. But by and by pap got too handy with his hick’ry, and I couldn’t stand it. I was all over welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in† (Twain 26). This is the point in the story where Huck analyzes how he isn’t being treated fairly and needs to leave. I think that is a huge step, being able to leave your normal life and start a new one is tremendous for someone as young as he. This also represents the beginning development of his morality, he’s able to conclude that what his father has been doing to him is not right or fair. Soon enough, Huck proves a development of sympathy and

Mark Edmundson And Paulo Freire - 915 Words

Although Mark Edmundson and Paulo Freire believe that a higher form of education such as, a stronger teaching ethics, deeper understanding, and more passionate students is needed to correct the issues at hand. In their essay they both adopt a different style to present tis idea. Paulo Freire wants the individual to form himself rather than be formed. To this end, he proposes that educational topics or opportunities be taken from the daily experience the individual constantly encounters and avoid the current educational pitfall of resorting to artificial experiences. While, Edmundson is trying to show how education has change due to the leak of consumerism into universities. Edmundson acknowledge his own conformity and promise to change back to what he thinks will make a good class and challenge his students to think on another level. Paulo Freire dwells on the idea that a teacher’s task is to simplify â€Å"fill† a student’s mind. He describes the banking concept as a habitual learning process where the teachers oppress the knowledge that they considered important on the student by supplying the student with the material and not given them the opportunity to question the material presented. Freire states; that â€Å"In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who considered themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they considered to know nothing. Projecting an absolute ignorance onto others, a characteristic of the ideology of oppression, negatesShow MoreRelatedTraditional Education1159 Words   |  5 Pagesare unsure of whether they should go into the armed forces or join what Paulo Freire describes as a â€Å"misguided system† of education (Freire 1). Some students have been citing the need for educational reform in response to the age old question â €Å"should I go to college?† Too distracted by the weight of the reform problems, many haven’t realized that there’s a reasonable solution. While 1960’s Paulo Freire and 1990’s Mark Edmundson both agree that they wanted students to revolt against their respectiveRead MoreEducation : Consumer Vs. Liberal Education916 Words   |  4 PagesEducation: Consumer vs. Liberal Education Both writers, Paulo Freire and Mark Edmundson have a sense of the teacher – student relationship that is based on some experiences they have had. The relationships are not mutual; it is more of a give and take understanding. The schools will stop at nothing to attract students to their universities even if it goes against morals and norms. Although others have noted liberal education is the new way of conducting business, they have overlooked the importanceRead MoreAn Article About The Educational System And Where We Stand On A Global Scale960 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents accepting that explanation as fact. Of course the transmitter receiver style of education, has been challenged by some. Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator, presents the argument that the class room should be more of a two-way conversation. According to an article by John Sparks, Freire considers traditional education to be a â€Å"teacher-student contradiction.† Freire believes that each individual should be able to contribute to the classroom setting, adding their own perspective and making aRead MoreEducational Concerns Built On Generalizations1196 Words   |  5 Pagespoints. Clearly any student can remember cramming for exams. Many hear the complaints of a generation nation. We are a consumer culture. The articles â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education†, by Paulo Freire and On the Uses of a Liberal Education: As Lite Entertainment for Bored College Students, by Mark Edmundson, are generalizations. Their articles may make one consider the education system is close to broken. There are facts that may prove otherwise. FREIRE’S POINT Freire’s ideas point to education

Principles of Auditing and Assurance Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Auditing and Assurance Ethics. Answer: Introduction: Considering the principles of Accountants Code of Ethics, it can be said that Peter Harmon has not violated the principles of professional ethics. As per the principles under section 240-241, Code of ethics B, consideration of professional accountant in public practice includes referral fee or commission if it is not received or paid that creates self- interest threat with respect to objectivity, integrity and professional competence and due care. Professional ethics on competence and due care requires the accountants to possess skills and knowledge to provide competent services in order to act diligently for clients (Bonaci et al. 2013). However, in the given case 10% commission received by Peter Harmon for sale of computer services is in accordance with the principles of Accountants Code of Ethics. According to the principles of Accountants Code of Ethics, professional accountant or auditor is required to maintain the confidentiality of clients business and necessary information. In the given situation, David Smith, an auditor referred ten clients to the Allied Insurance Company without their awareness hence, it can be said that David has violated the principles of ethics in terms of confidentiality. Code of ethics regulation provides that professional auditor is required to maintain clients confidentiality to keep the business information private (Bampton and Cowton 2013). Auditor can disclose certain information only is it is required by legislation and with the permission of respective clients. David as an auditor referred ten clients without clients knowledge hence, he is contented to have violated confidentiality and professional behavior and would be held under APES 110 for professional misconduct. As per ethical code APES 110, profession accountants and auditor is required to maintain integrity, objectivity and professional competence and due care. Wrench Company, Chartered Accountant in the given situation maintains details of clients in the computer records to use as per the requirement. In order to assist the clients for input data Wrench and company is able to arrange the members from administration as well as audit branch while the audit staffs can be involved for client audit if required by audit partners. Accordingly, the company said to have violated the ethical principles in terms of objectivity, competence and due care because requirement of audit partner cannot be replaced with the audit staffs. Accountants Code of Ethics and conceptual framework it is against the principles to make solicit approaches to the clients or professional parties through the electronic mode or by any other means. In the present situation, Stephanie Barrys audit client Williams Pty Ltd uses the management services from another public accountant accordingly, Barry provides her firms literature to Williams for management services based on monthly records which was unsolicited. As per the regulation of code of ethics APES 110, unsolicited services are fair and common while solicited services are against the ethical principles (Tweedie et al. 2013). Therefore, Stephanie Barry cannot be said to have violated the principles of ethics and cannot be held for professional misconduct based on Accountants Code of Ethics. Ethical Codes on professional accountant and auditors provides that an employee of the organization or a member of the company cannot be an auditor or audit assistant of the company. It is stated that the auditor of the organization should be independent and not to be involved in any business activities or any business decision which influence the auditors opinion (Soltani and Maupetit 2015). The present case of Katrina Ng, an audit manager of the non- profit organization as well as an honorary Board member which does not include her activities in management capacity. Principles of professional ethics provide that the auditors involvement in the companys management affect the independence, confidentiality and competence. Therefore, it can be concluded that Katrina has violated the principle ethics on auditor independence being an honorary member of the audit company. Services of professional accounting include auditing assurance, tax advisory general business advisory and consultancy under the professional legislation. Peter Beattie in this case is a public accountant, provides services of tax advisory, management, book- keeping and auditing for the same audit client. In view of the professional services as per Accountants Ethical Code includes all the services providing by Peter Beattie to the audit client (Griffith, Hammersley and Kadous 2015). Accordingly, Peter Beattie cannot be held liable for violating the principles of ethics or professional misconduct under the regulations of APES 110. APES 110 under Accountants Code of Ethics states that the professional accountants should not advertise their professional work or they should not be involved in case of inaccurate publicity. Further, code of ethics also provides that the professional accountants must not be involved in comparisons for professional capabilities with any other professional member (Han Fan, Woodbine and Cheng 2013). Accordingly, advertisement of professional audit work in the local newspaper with the colorful pictures of staff along with the comparison from other professional is said to be against the ethical principle of professional behavior and integrity. Therefore, Hornsby Auditors is to held liable for professional misconduct against the principle of ethics for integrity and professional behavior because the auditor entered into inappropriate publicity to obtain clients. As the auditor advertised the work in local newspaper and compared the professional work for providing benefit of higher tax ded uctions to the clients hence, Hornsby is said to have violated ethical principles. Regulation of Accountants Code of Ethics provides that professional accountants are entitled to retain books and statutory documents of clients if there is a default in payment of audit fees. The auditor can take this action to exercise claim for the purpose of delayed audit fees against the audit work (MaAyan and Carmeli 2015). In the given situation, David Cheadle audited the books and financial statements of Nestree Ltd for the year ended 30 June 2015 but the payment of audit fees had not been made. Accordingly, he is entitled to retain the books and documents of the audit client to claim against the dues, which is not against the ethical principles of APES 110 also he can continue the audit process for subsequent year 2016. In the given case, auditors inability to obtain the confirmations from three major customers of the audit client that is included in the sample while the auditor satisfied himself for the available account balances used in other audit procedures. As the auditor failed to obtain the confirmations from third party with respect to the major customers of the audit client, there is information or details on the misrepresentation identification (Dombrowski, Smith and Wood 2013). Therefore, the auditor in this case should state unmodified- emphasis of matter paragraph as audit opinion in the audit report for the verification of clients financial statements. This audit opinion is required because the auditor had not found any material misrepresentation or non- compliance of GAAP in the financial report hence, the auditor should highlight the fact of non- confirmation from third parties to draw the users attention. The auditor provides Disclaimer of opinion if there is limitation on the scope of audit procedures by the organizational management and as a result, auditor is not able to complete accurate audit report. In the present situation, auditors client restricted the auditor to examine the records of property, plant and equipment that forms a material part i.e. 20% of the total assets (Craft 2013). As per the standards of accounting and auditing, property, plant and equipment forms an integral part of the companys total assets therefore, it is important to conduct proper examination and verification of the fixed assets to analyze the true and fair view of the financial information and disclosures. In this case, as the company restricted the auditor in verify the integral fixed asset, auditor is bound to provide disclaimer of opinion. If the management governance of the audit client provides limitation on the scope of audit evidence then the auditor is required to state disclaimer of opinion in the financial report because the auditor could not present accurate audit report. Besides, unmodified opinion- emphasis of matter paragraph is to be given if the auditor finds that the financial statements are in compliance of GAAP and there is no misrepresentation but there is lack of confirmation from material sources (Tsipouridou and Spathis 2014). Hence, in this case, exclusion of contingent liability disclosure should be reported as an unmodified- emphasis of matter paragraph in the financial report to draw users attention. Moreover, in case the liability occurs as actual liability, it will affect the materiality of the financial position therefore, auditor should provide disclaimer of opinion due to the limitation in the scope of audit evidence. If the financial statements have not been prepared in accordance with the regulations of GAAP, auditor is required to provide adverse opinion. In addition, if the financial statements represent gross misrepresentation due to fraud or error while recognizing and representing financial information then adverse opinion should be provided (Chen et al. 2013). In the given situation, significant proportion of cash sales and appropriate records of the retailer have not been maintained appropriately. To determine the appropriateness and accuracy of cash sales, no audit test can be performed in particular. Therefore, the auditor is required to provide adverse opinion because there was misrepresentation in the financial statements due to error in recognizing cash sales, which is an integral part in determining the profitability. As per the auditing standards, it is important to examine the opening balance of books of accounts for the auditing financial year. The auditor performs the audit procedure for the current year on the basis of appropriate and accurate recognition of accounting balances of previous financial years (Lobo and Zhao 2013). However, in the present situation, the audit client refused to supply details and information on the opening balances of the accounts as the management contended that the financial information of the current year free from material misstatements. Therefore, it can be said that auditor should provide disclaimer of opinion since, there was limitation on the scope of obtaining audit evidence with respect to the opening balance of the previous years accounting balance. In order to prepare and present the financial report of the organization it is important to follow the regulations of Australian Accounting Standards and GAAP to measure true and fair results. However, the organizational management is responsible to recognize the financial information in compliance with the principles and standards of accounting for the benefit of users. Auditor has reasonable responsibility to determine the correctness and accountability of organizational financial information (Skaife, Veenman and Wangerin 2013). Therefore, in case the auditor finds any misrepresentation or error in preparation of financial statements along with the non- compliance of GAAP then the auditor is required to provide adverse opinion. Hence, in the given situation, adverse opinion should be provided because the audit client did not follow the principles of Australian Auditing Standards from last five years. During the process of audit, non- compliance of Australian Auditing Standards provides material effect on the accurate results of organizational financial statements. In such situation, auditor is required to provide adverse opinion stating the non- compliance of the regulations and principles that affect the transparency and accountability of the financial statements (Zimmerman 2016). In the present case, the client used LIFO method for inventory accounting, which is not permitted in accordance with the Australian Auditing Standards. Additionally, this method affected the financial position of the organization in terms of inventory value since it constitutes a significant part of the total assets. Therefore, auditor should provide adverse opinion for applying inappropriate method on valuation of inventory in presenting the financial statements. Preparation of financial statements based on going concern framework is managements responsibility whereas auditor is responsible to measure the appropriateness of going concern assumption as per ISA 570. Therefore, if the auditor discovers the companys inability to maintain going concern then the explanatory paragraph followed by the opinion paragraph is to be given (Goh, Joos and Soonawalla 2016). Accordingly, in the given situation auditor identified substantial doubt on going concern but there was no material misstatement was discovered. Hence, modified opinion including an explanatory paragraph highlight reason on liquidation of organizations major customers is to be provided. Reference List Bampton, R. and Cowton, C.J., 2013. Taking stock of accounting ethics scholarship: A review of the journal literature.Journal of Business Ethics,114(3), pp.549-563. Bonaci, C., Strouhal, J., Mllerov, L. and Roub?kov, J., 2013. Corporate Governance Debate on Professional Ethics in Accounting Profession.Central European Business Review,2(3), pp.30-35. Chen, J., Cumming, D., Hou, W. and Lee, E., 2013. Executive integrity, audit opinion, and fraud in Chinese listed firms.Emerging Markets Review,15, pp.72-91. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), pp.221-259. Dombrowski, R.F., Smith, K.J. and Wood, B.G., 2013. Bridging the education-practice divide: The Salisbury University auditing internship program.Journal of Accounting Education,31(1), pp.84-106. Goh, L., Joos, P. and Soonawalla, K., 2016. Determinants and Valuation Implications of Compulsory Stock Option Disclosures in a Weak Regulatory SettingThe Case of France.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,27(1), pp.26-64. Griffith, E.E., Hammersley, J.S. and Kadous, K., 2015. Audits of complex estimates as verification of management numbers: How institutional pressures shape practice.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(3), pp.833-863. Han Fan, Y., Woodbine, G. and Cheng, W., 2013. A study of Australian and Chinese accountants attitudes towards independence issues and the impact on ethical judgements.Asian Review of Accounting,21(3), pp.205-222. Lobo, G.J. and Zhao, Y., 2013. Relation between audit effort and financial report misstatements: Evidence from quarterly and annual restatements.The Accounting Review,88(4), pp.1385-1412. MaAyan, Y. and Carmeli, A., 2015. Internal Audits as a Source of Ethical Behavior, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Work Units.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-17. Skaife, H.A., Veenman, D. and Wangerin, D., 2013. Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), pp.91-110. Soltani, B. and Maupetit, C., 2015. Importance of core values of ethics, integrity and accountability in the European corporate governance codes.Journal of Management Governance,19(2), pp.259-284. Tsipouridou, M. and Spathis, C., 2014, March. Audit opinion and earnings management: Evidence from Greece. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 38-54). Elsevier. Tweedie, D., Dyball, M.C., Hazelton, J. and Wright, S., 2013. Teaching global ethical standards: a case and strategy for broadening the accounting ethics curriculum.Journal of business ethics,115(1), pp.1-15. Zimmerman, A., 2016. The Joint Impact of Management Expressed Confidence and Response Timing on Auditor Professional Skepticism in Client Email Inquiries.Managerial Auditing Journal,31(6/7).

Pharmaceuticals RD India and China Essay Example

Pharmaceuticals RD India and China Essay Title:Analysis of Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Company’s Strategy in China Name : (CHEN Jianfeng) ID Number :20092711001 Supervisor : Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 2010? 10? 08? Tutor’s Comments and Grade signature Date 2010- Abstract In this case report we will try to analysis the detailed strategic options for Novo Nordisk as a top human Insulin provider to sustain its growth internationally. We will give comments for our recommendations and evaluate the VRIO Framework of the internal organization and provide a clear Five Forces Analysis. Novo Nordisk is a Denmark based Bio-Pharmaceuticals giant that has been one of key company which shaping diabetes care industry was known by health care professional Novo Nordisk has occupied one third European and Latin America insulin markets. The company now has high ambitious to enter into Asian market especially China Market in the coming five years. We have developed one strategy base on its Marketing strategy and China ctual diabetes healthcare situation for management to consider. We divided Our strategy into two parts, one is maintain the leading position in Insulin market ( Novo Nordisk ), another is to expand the market share of oral anti-diabetes. Follow the strategy we will suggest NN should segment the Market into different tier of cities within China, at the same time NN may need to differentiate the strategy of Insulin wi th oral anti-diabetes drug. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceuticals RD India and China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceuticals RD India and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmaceuticals RD India and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Novo Nordisk manufactures and markets pharmaceutical products and services that make a significant difference to patients, the medical profession and society. With headquarters in Denmark, Novo Nordisk employs more than 29,000 employees in 81 countries, and markets its products in 179 countries. Novo Nordisk’s B shares are listed on the stock exchanges in Copenhagen. Its ADRs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol ‘NVO’ Novo Nordisk (China) was established on 1994 and its Headquarter was set up in Beijing. NN China has set up its sale net work over China with affiliates or offices in 6 cities nationally. NN China has employed over 1,500 people in China. Vision of NN Our vision paints a picture of what Novo Nordisk wants to achieve as a company – our place in the market and our overall goals in relation to patients, society and employees. 3. NN’s Strategic Objectives †¢ NN gained marketing share in modern insulin market in strategic hospitals over 70% †¢ The market share of OAD of NN in strategic hospital increase to 14% †¢ All product’s growth rate is more than market in the coming five years   Sales in China mainland increased by 19% in local currencies. †¢ Sales growth measured in local currencies is expected to be in the range of 6-10% whereas operating profit measured in local currencies is expected to increase by around 10% annually in the coming 5 years Key issues and problems Key issues and problems for NN China include how the company manages to coordinate its growth and to maintain its competitive advantage in the dramatically changing market environment of the dynamic Joint venture Pharmaceutical sector. VRIO Table 1. 1 The VRIO framework |Value |Rarity |Imitability |Organization |Competitive Implication | |Integrative insulin treatment|Yes |Yes |Yes |Yes |Sustained Competitive advantage | |line | | | | | | |leading hospitals penetration|No |Yes |Yes |Yes |Sustained Competitive advantage | |rate | | | | | | |National refrigerated supply |No |Yes |Yes |Yes |Temporally competitive advantage | |chain | | | | | | |RD capacity |Yes |No |No |Yes |Sustained Competitive advantage | |Strong relationship with |Yes |No |Yes |Yes |Temporally Competitive advantage | |Health Authority | | | | | | 3. Integrative insulin treatment line One of the key elements of NN to occupy the market is its unique and excellent production line and injection tool. From fine needle to Flexpen, NN has developed humanized and easy use treatment tool for diabetes patient. Furthermore, unique insulin injection pen can develop patient’s loyalty. Currently, some companies have developed its own injection tool but n one of them can exceed NN’s injection tool with regard to the convenience, quality and price. And one key point is the patient can not inject others brand insulin with NN’s injection pen that may guarantee its sale. 3. 2 Leading hospitals penetration rate Till now, production of insulin and analogue of insulin have occupied 68% consumption within all strategic hospital. And high occupation rate has experienced drastic challenge from others pharmaceuticals companies. As for key cities, NN’s market share was 57%. , its opponent Sanofi-Aventis has 33% and Lily has 10. 7% in year 2009. 3. 3 National refrigerated supply chain NN has set up it national refrigerated supply chain since 1995, and keep strategic relationship with all key supplier within China. This expensive supplier chain cost millions of dollar to maintain it annually. That is why some domestic company can not expand its market into remote area. 3. 4 RD capacity We can see whole company’s profit primarily driven by the robust sales growth for our portfolio of modern insulins. The launch of Victoza ® in Europe is very encouraging and we look forward to continuing the global roll-out of Victoza ® following the recent approvals in the US and Japan. NN strong RD capacity makes it impossible to surpass by its opponents recently. And new and advanced treatment will ensure NN to maintain its leader position in diabetes treatment field. Victoza will be approved by sFDA in China at year 2013. 3. 5 Strong relationship with Health Authority In China, we value the relationship with health authority, especially, during national bid process. NN has build up its relation net web since 1995 as pioneer joint venture Pharmaceutics Company in China. The strong relationship has given NN a lot of advantage in participating primary healthcare system reform and national bid process. 4. Porters five forces 4. 1 The threat of established rivals 1. Sanofi-Aventis Company Information ? Total number of Lantus’s rep. would reach about 380 in 2009. ? Set up an exclusive sales team for Amaryl in 2009, around 180 rep. in China. ? Sanofi-Aventis would pay more and more attention on the Lantus; its sales revenues target in 2009 is RMB 220-250 million. Marketing Activities ? Frequently hold the news conference of kinds of activity; highly pay attention to media’s direct participation. Launched its disposable pen-OptiSet at the end of year 2007 to replace its penfill product. ? Promote the principle of ADA: the best treatment to diabetes is to use basal insulin plus first-line oral anti-diabetic drugs (for example, Metformin) by the methods below: 1. To train 100 young speaker in China national wide to expand influencing coverage 2. To promote principle among doctors by frequent provincial academic conference 3. To promote principle from the association of Chinese endocrinology and diabetes by sponsoring them with other 5 companies 4. To conduct VIP summits in China to influence doctors of low level Unethical Promotional Activities Expansive coverage of PMS: about RMB 50 (in small hospitals or peripheral cities)-250 (in large hospitals or important cities) as prescription incentive for each new OptiSet patient. Product Information ? Apidra, short-acting modern insulin, is expected to be launched in 2009. And its disposable pen-SoloSTAR will be launched after that very soon. Performance in IMS 21+3 cities/regions ? About 60% of total Lantus’ rep. located in IMS 21+3 cities. ? Substantial investment in important hospitals, such as invite chief of department to attend abroad meeting and give prescribing doctor more incentive. ? Recruit more rep. in important cities to add visiting number to key hospital doctor. Start to promote Lantus in middle small even community hospitals in some city in which it has better performance Sanofi-Aventis’s Impact to NN ? Its young speaker training plan pointed to the promising doctors in important cities. Generally, those doctors are considered as the successor of current chief of department. They are limited resources that every player in this market would exert much effort to use. ? Its effort in promoting new ADA’s principle of diabete s treatment in China would provide much more help for its sales. ? Dangerous cities which maybe lose leading position to Sanofi-Aventis: Wuhan ? Its unethical promotional method deeply influenced NN’s sale. 2. Lilly Company Information It clones our small-city plan to increase the number of rep. in small cities at the peripheral of large cities. ? Lilly pays same attention both on human insulin and modern insulin. Its sales forecast of 2008 in human insulin is around RMB 290 million; modern insulin is 32 million. Marketing Activities ? Investment in Chinese clinical research in diabetes through sponsoring CDS. It would invest about RMB 18 million in basic research in three years. The total investment also includes inviting the specialists in EASD CDS to conduct short-term academic courses for helping more young diabetic doctors. ? More novel and creative patient educational method. Promotional Activities Expansive coverage of presenting its injection pen to patients when the y purchase Humalog, from 3 (in large hospitals or important cities) to 5 penfill (in small hospitals or peripheral cities). And it pays doctor about RMB 100-150 as prescription incentive. Product Information ? In the near further 3 years, Lilly would launch at least 15 drugs and medical instrument; many of them are related to diabetes, including Byetta (GLP-1) in 2009, ruboxistaurin (Arxxant) for diabetic retinal disease and diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN), anti-obesity drug (to prevent the occurrence of diabetes). Performance in IMS 21+3 cities/regions ? About 60% of total insulin rep. located in IMS 21+3 cities. ? Recruit more rep. in important cities to add visiting number to key hospital and doctor. Substantial investment in important hospitals, such as invite chief of department to attend abroad meeting, give doctor more incentive, and present its injection pen to patients when they purchase 3-5 penfill of Humalog. Lilly ’s Impact: Not only treatment, but to all of areas in diabetes ? Its investment of RMB 18 million may not produce immediately impact to NN, since it is a three-year’s plan and includes the fee which would pay for the invitation of EASD’s experts. But it certainly can help Lilly to build a very good impression in China’s CDS and diabetes patient. ? What is more, Lilly’s patient education methods are very creative and novel; if NN has no further improvement in it, NN’s leading position in this area will face with substantial challenge. The investment in basic clinical research, more patient education activities, all of above which Lilly did is to enlarge and then occupy much more diabetic market through the improvement of patients’ awareness and treatment rate on disease. ? As for the prevention of diabetes and diabetes complication’s treatment, Lilly also made great effort. ? Furious competition in IMS cities listed below: Qingdao, Fuxiaquan, Shenyang, Hangzhou, Suxichang, ? Dangerous city which maybe lose leading position to Lilly: Chengdu ? Its unethical promotional method deeply influenced NN’s sale. 3. Bayer Company Information ? Bayer hopes to build up its good public image through many projects involving enterprises social responsibility since its huge investment in company image in 2007. ? The sales revenue of Glucobay in 2007 is around at RMB 920 million. Marketing Activities Glucobay is trying to strengthen and maintain its leading position in OAD market. After achieving better performance in large hospitals in large cities, Bayer has begun to promote its product in small cities and small, even community hospitals in large cities, since it conducted many marketing activities in these areas, such as ‘diabetes cabin’ in community hospitals in large cities, and designed training plan for doctors in country level hospitals at some small cities. ? Set up an academic team in Chinese Medical Doctor Association to build Glucobay’s image in cardiologist; and promote its function in diabetes prevention through ACE (Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation) project. Promotional Activities Glucobay’s mainly focused patients are elder citizens, patients of no-good PPG control, and patients who frequently happen cardiovascular events; and it also conduct a post-clinical trail (RMB 100-300 incentive to doctor for each new diagnosed diabetes patient) in North China to catch new patients. ? About RMB 5-10 per box as prescription incentive. Product Information ? Its human insulin, Insugen, expected to be launched in China in 2010. Bayer’s Impact ? NN has no new OAD product in the future two years, NovoNorm’s job is to catch up with Bayer’s Glucobay. ? Among all of 21+3 cities/regions, NovoNorm has advantage in value share only in Harbin ? After leading the market of large hospitals in large cities, Bayer begins to enter small cities and small, even community hospitals in large cities. . 2 Threat of substitute products The threat of substitutes for diabetes treatment over the existing medication is moderate. Patient has to choose OAD at the beginning, now one of new OAD is DPP4 and its effect is similar to Novonorm of NN but it may has less side effect based on current research but the new OAD may be more expense then existing OAD. So its impact to existing OAD is moderate. Long acting GLP-1 was considered as pivotal revolutionary medication in Diabetes, and NN has developed its GLP-1 10 years ago, now Vitoza has launched in USA and European. But Roche’s weekly GLP-1 was regarded as potential opponent in the coming 10 years. In a conclusion, the threat of substitute can be reasonable moderate in this industry based on the RD plan within top 10 pharmaceuticals companies over the world. 4. 3 The threat of new entrants The threat of new entry highly influenced by the RD strategy of others pharmaceutical companies and Chinese huge market potential. Till now, Roche has announced it will enter into diabetes care with its weekly-dose GLP-1, and it is expected to get the FDA approval in year 2017. Some pharmaceutical giants such as Norvatis and Merks has speeded up their RD progress and their market plan to capture Chinese market. 4. 4 Suppliers Supplier’s power in this industry is low. In the raw material part of the insulin, most of the company has developed their manufacture factory and Lab centre, so the suppliers of the insulin have a low impact on the price of products. Furthermore some big joint venture Pharmaceutical companies has set up their own factory in China to cut down the cost of product. 4. 5 The bargaining power of customers Till now, China has about 100 million diabetes patients. And the average cost of diabetes care has reached 200 RMB/per mother/per patient based on the current epidemiology investigation. Now about 50% patients were covered by social insurance system and most of the existing anti-diabetes drugs were listed into primary drug list, so this part of patients will not sensitive to the price of drug. Table 2. 1 Market Positioning Grid: High |Coverage | |Lily |Novo Nordisk | |Sanofi-aventi | | | | | | | | |Low |High | |Market share |Bayer Market share | |GSK | | |Norvatis | | | | | |Low |Coverage | 5. Strategic proposal There is lots of Challenge in the diabetes care market in China in the coming five year even NN China has occupied two third market shares for a long time. The manager teams of NN experienced heavily pressure to maintain its leading position because there are some uncertain factors such as national healthcare reform and annual bid. The strong RD capacity can give NN the opportunity to be in front of all the competition in the Chinese market. What we propose that NN enlarge its market with market segmentation. As for insulin market, NN should enlarge the market by increasing the diabetes diagnosis rate and boosting insulin use rate. Also, NN need to increase market share by capturing OAD failed patient to use insulin and switch the patient who use other brand insulin to use NN insulin. Moreover NN also can promote production combination concept to increase the analogue use rate. All of above measure may increase the insulin and insulin analogue’s penetration rate in the existing diabetes treatment market. As for city segmentation, we can divide mainland cities into three tiers. Firstly, we resist the competition form others companies in east China region and Guangzhou, Chengdu cities. Secondly, we may increase analogue use rate in Tianjin. Finally, we can enlarge the market in Beijing and Zhuhai cities. The key point of the market strategy is to increase the possession rate of new diagnosed diabetes patients. With a strategy to enter and take a market share in potential cities, NN does not have to make large fixed investments in the cold supply chain. Instead NN can use its strategic relationship to expel its competitors. To occupy the new diagnosed diabetes patients within large patient pool, NN should concentrate community hospital on the big cities first, making access to general physician available in the city of NN product that only NN can access. This way the company can see how the patients and doctors like being connected to a faster and better treatment with a more advanced injection tool through its strong customer service center located at each branched offices. As we know, we can make fixed monthly payment for the patient once they recognized NN‘s treatment package. 6. Strategy Implementation Considering the industry and competitive conditions, we think the pharmaceuticals industry belongs to rapid growth industry; in particular, diabetes treatment market was ranked as 3rd biggest market in China. There are total about 100 billion patients need OAD and insulin treatment , and the number of patients will increased 10% annually. Comparing company’s resource and capabilities with the potential and existing competitors, NN is in the industry – leading position. Hence, the strategy of NN China is to enlarge the market volume then increase its market share. Likewise, NN still need to cultivate its competitive culture to pay attention the potential competitors in the coming yars. We therefore recommend NN choose to move forwards with our recommended strategy. This strategy involves the most stable and fit for NN culture, so we firmly believe that the industry is moving more and more towards and more and more patients may choose advance and safety treatment . Implementing strategy we recommend that NN keep firm strategic alliances with cold chain supplier to explore the second tier cities such as cities of west China. Also establish alliances or strengthen alliances with the health authority and National Diabetes Association.

70 Million Years of Primate Evolution

70 Million Years of Primate Evolution Many people take an understandably human-centered view of primate evolution, focusing on the bipedal, large-brained hominids that populated the jungles of Africa a few million years ago. But the fact is that primates as a whole - a category of megafauna mammals that includes not only humans and hominids, but monkeys, apes, lemurs, baboons, and tarsiers - have a deep evolutionary history that stretches as far back as the age of dinosaurs. (See a gallery of prehistoric primate pictures and profiles.) The first mammal that paleontologists have identified as possessing primate-like characteristics was Purgatorius, a tiny, mouse-sized creature of the late Cretaceous period (just before the K/T Impact Event that rendered the dinosaurs extinct). Although it looked more like a tree shrew than a monkey or ape, Purgatorius had a very primate-like set of teeth, and it (or a close relative) may have spawned the more familiar primates of the Cenozoic Era. (Genetic sequencing studies suggest that the earliest primate ancestor may have lived a whopping 20 million years before Purgatorius, but as yet theres no fossil evidence for this mysterious beast.) Scientists have touted the equally mouse-like Archicebus, which lived 10 million years after Purgatorius, as the first true primate, and the anatomic evidence in support of this hypothesis is even stronger. Whats confusing about this is that the Asian Archicebus seems to have lived around the same time as the North American and Eurasian Plesiadapis, a much bigger, two-foot-long, tree-dwelling, lemur-like primate with a rodent-like head. The teeth of Plesiadapis displayed the early adaptations necessary for an omnivorous diet - a key trait that allowed its descendants tens of millions of years down the line to diversify away from trees and toward the open grasslands. Primate Evolution During the Eocene Epoch During the Eocene epoch- from about 55 million to 35 million years ago- small, lemur-like primates haunted woodlands the world over, though the fossil evidence is frustratingly sparse. The most important of these creatures was Notharctus, which had a telling mix of simian traits: a flat face with forward-facing eyes, flexible hands that could grasp branches, a sinuous backbone, and (perhaps most important) a bigger brain, proportionate to its size, than can be seen in any previous vertebrate. Interestingly, Notharctus was the last primate ever to be indigenous to North America; it probably descended from ancestors that crossed the land bridge from Asia at the end of the Paleocene. Similar to Notharctus was the western European Darwinius, the subject of a big public relations blitz a few years back touting it as the earliest human ancestor; not many experts are convinced. Another important Eocene primate was the Asian Eosimias (dawn monkey), which was considerably smaller than both Notharctus and Darwinius, only a few inches from head to tail and weighing one or two ounces, max. The nocturnal, tree-dwelling Eosimias - which was about the size of your average Mesozoic mammal - has been posited by some experts as proof that monkeys originated in Asia rather than Africa, though this is far from a widely accepted conclusion. The Eocene also witnessed the North American Smilodectes and the amusingly named Necrolemur from western Europe, early, pint-sized monkey ancestors that were distantly related to modern lemurs and tarsiers. A Brief Digression - The Lemurs of Madagascar Speaking of lemurs, no account of primate evolution would be complete without a description of the rich variety of prehistoric lemurs that once inhabited the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, off the east African coast. The fourth-largest island in the world, after Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo, Madagascar split off from the African mainland about 160 million years ago, during the late Jurassic period, and then from the Indian subcontinent anywhere from 100 to 80 million years ago, during the middle to late Cretaceous period. What this means, of course, is that its virtually impossible for any Mesozoic primates to have evolved on Madagascar before these big splits- so where did all those lemurs come from? The answer, as far as paleontologists can tell, is that some lucky Paleocene or Eocene primates managed to float to Madagascar from the African coast on tangled thatches of driftwood, a 200-mile journey that could conceivably have been accomplished in a matter of days. Crucially, the only primates to successfully make this trip happened to be lemurs and not other types of monkeys - and once ensconced on their enormous island, these tiny progenitors were free to evolve into a wide variety of ecological niches over the ensuing tens of millions of years (even today, the only place on earth you can find lemurs is Madagascar; these primates perished millions of years ago in North America, Eurasia, and even Africa). Given their relative isolation, and the lack of effective predators, the prehistoric lemurs of Madagascar were free to evolve in some weird directions. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed plus-sized lemurs like Archaeoindris, which was about the size of a modern gorilla, and the smaller Megaladapis, which only weighed 100 pounds or so. Entirely different (but of course closely related) were the so-called sloth lemurs, primates like Babakotia and Palaeopropithecus that looked and behaved like sloths, lazily climbing trees and sleeping upside-down from branches. Sadly, most of these slow, trusting, dim-witted lemurs were doomed to extinction when the first human settlers arrived on Madagascar about 2,000 years ago. Old World Monkeys, New World Monkeys and the First Apes Often used interchangeably with primate and monkey, the word simian derives from Simiiformes, the infraorder of mammals that includes both old world (i.e., African and Eurasian) monkeys and apes and new world (i.e., central and South American) monkeys; the small primates and lemurs described on page 1 of this article are usually referred to as prosimians. If all this sounds confusing, the important thing to remember is that new world monkeys split off from the main branch of simian evolution about 40 million years ago, during the Eocene epoch, while the split between old world monkeys and apes occurred about 25 million years later. The fossil evidence for new world monkeys is surprisingly slim; to date, the earliest genus yet identified is Branisella, which lived in South America between 30 and 25 million years ago. Typically for a new world monkey, Branisella was relatively small, with a flat nose and a prehensile tail (oddly enough, old world monkeys never managed to evolve these grasping, flexible appendages). How did Branisella and its fellow new world monkeys make it all the way from Africa to South America? Well, the stretch of Atlantic Ocean separating these two continents was about one-third shorter 40 million years ago than it is today, so its conceivable that some small old world monkeys made the trip accidentally, on floating thatches of driftwood. Fairly or unfairly, old world monkeys are often considered significant only insofar as they eventually spawned apes, and then hominids, and then humans. A good candidate for an intermediate form between old-world monkeys and old-world apes was Mesopithecus, a macaque-like primate that, like apes, foraged for leaves and fruits during the day. Another possible transitional form was Oreopithecus (called the cookie monster by paleontologists), an island-dwelling European primate that possessed a strange mix of monkey-like and ape-like characteristics but (according to most classification schemes) stopped short of being a true hominid. The Evolution of Apes and Hominids During the Miocene Epoch Heres where the story gets a bit confusing. During the Miocene epoch, from 23 to 5 million years ago, a bewildering assortment of apes and hominids inhabited the jungles of Africa and Eurasia (apes are distinguished from monkeys mostly by their lack of tails and stronger arms and shoulders, and hominids are distinguished from apes mostly by their upright postures and bigger brains). The most important non-hominid African ape was Pliopithecus, which may have been ancestral to modern gibbons; an even earlier primate, Propliopithecus, seems to have been ancestral to Pliopithecus. As their non-hominid status implies, Pliopithecus and related apes (such as Proconsul) werent directly ancestral to humans; for example, none of these primates walked on two feet. Ape (but not hominid) evolution really hit its stride during the later Miocene, with the tree-dwelling Dryopithecus, the enormous Gigantopithecus (which was about twice the size of a modern gorilla), and the nimble Sivapithecus, which is now considered to be the same genus as Ramapithecus (it turns out that smaller Ramapithecus fossils were probably Sivapithecus females!) Sivapithecus is especially important because this was one of the first apes to venture down from the trees and out onto the African grasslands, a crucial evolutionary transition that may have been spurred by climate change. Paleontologists disagree about the details, but the first true hominid appears to have been Ardipithecus, which walked (if only clumsily and occasionally) on two feet but only had a chimp-sized brain; even more tantalizingly, there doesnt seem to have been much sexual differentiation between Ardipithecus males and females, which makes this genus unnervingly similar to humans. A few million years after Ardipithecus came the first indisputable hominids: Australopithecus (represented by the famous fossil Lucy), which was only about four or five feet tall but walked on two legs and had an unusually large brain, and Paranthropus, which was once considered to be a species of Australopithecus but has since earned its own genus thanks to its unusually large, muscular head and correspondingly larger brain. Both Australopithecus and Paranthropus lived in Africa until the start of the Pleistocene epoch; paleontologists believe that a population of Australopithecus was the immediate progenitor of genus Homo, the line that eventually evolved (by the end of the Pleistocene) into our own species, Homo sapiens.

Constantine The Great essays

Constantine The Great essays Constantine was one of the best known of the Roman emperors. Some important events of his reign include the Edict of Milan, which ended the persecution of Christians and made their worship legal, the battle of the Milvian Bridge, and the completion of the political and economic reforms that begun under Diocletian. Constantine was born in Naissus in Serbia. The date of his birth is not certain, being giving as early as 274 and as late as 288. His father Constantius was a member of an important Roman family. His mother, Helena, was the daughter of an innkeeper. When his father had become Casear of Gaul and Britain, he sent his son to the Eastern Emperor Galerius as a hostage. There he was kept at the court of Galerius. But Constantine returned soon after that to his dying fathers side in Britain. Soon after his fathers death, Constantine was immediately proclaimed Caesar by his troops. For five years Constantine was content with ruling Gaul and Britain. On of the famous stories about Constantine is of his vision from God on the night before the battle of the Milvian Bridge. Maxentius, the Roman emperor in Italy, had gathered a great number of legions against Constantine. Galerius had decided to tax the citizens of Italy, who had been exempt from taxes ever since Republican days. The Italian citizens resented this and proclaimed Maxentius emperor in an effort to get the taxes removed. According to the legend, Constantine saw the symbol of Jesus Christs power in the clouds and a message written in Latin, that read In this sign thou shalt conquer. Immediately, Constantine ordered artisans to place the sign of Christ on his soldiers shields. Constantine won that day with a great victory. Maxentius, was thrown from the Milvian Bridge into the Tiber River, making Constantine sole emperor of the Western half of the empire. After his victory he gave gratitude to the God ...

The Muses in Greek Mythology and Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Muses in Greek Mythology and Art - Essay Example History of Greek Muses has different in a different author writing over the course of time. But the bottom line or the core idea always remains the same. Muses are associated with various arts and cultural activities, which often helped the people of the ancient time to overcome any kind of mental difficulties or stress. The Muses, as per the views of the earliest writers, was the inspirational goddesses of song, whereas according to a later set of people, theologies ruling over the various kinds of poetry along with other science and cultural activities. They were initially viewed as the sprites of inspirational wells, close to which they were loved. Later on, the Thraco-Boeotian adoration of the nine Muses started to spread out from Boeotia over other parts of Greece, and eventually became normally recognized.The origin of all these 9 Muses is not similar as there is a number of theories associated with the origin of them. Few people or the most common concept associated with the o rigin of all 9 Muses was they were the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and born in Pieria, at the foot of Mount Olympus. There was another set of theory which suggested that they were the daughters of Uranus and Gaea. For a period of 2500 years, people used to believe that all 9 Muses were the base of any kind of cultural activities. Throughout all the Western Civilization, people accepted the fact that all their inspirations, creativity, and incredible talent come from his muse.

Case Analysis Publix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Analysis Publix - Essay Example Publix head office is based in Florida and is a grocery chain with huge numbers of employees, serves a large pool of customers and has its branches and operations spinning across different states in the USA. Society, Sub cultures This company looks at the society it operates in with pride, acceptance, and joy because it has lived by its philosophy of caring for the people as part of its corporate culture in that it helps the customers meet their needs and realize the extraordinary achievements in their lives. This has a major impact on the society since in a way it empowers the customers through various incentives and most importantly through offering customer focused services. This is why the associates of Publix have it clear in their minds whenever at work because they understand that they are not just running a grocery business but have the responsibility of doing the people business. And to that extend, taking care of the needs of associates, customers, its suppliers, and the co mmunity as a whole is very central to this supermarket chain (Publix Case, 2011). The other concept that Publix has addressed in its business operations is the dealing with different sub-cultures that are strewn all over the United States. Indeed the US has the most cosmopolitan community in the world. These people have different cultures that define their daily lives. It has been very necessary for Publix to deal effectively with cross-cultural differences within its workforce, the public and most critically its customers. To its employees, this supermarket chain appreciates their efforts and recognizes every individual and group as an important component of its continued growth and has this as part of its organizational culture. Thus to its employees, recognition and genuine appreciation of the contributions that these employees make is part and parcel of Publix and fosters the slogan of ‘where working is a pleasure’. The chain has an eye on its branches in different communities across the US. The customers have their own cultural beliefs in terms of shopping trends, likes and dislikes. To ensure that the supermarket is able to deal with the cross-cultural issues, the associates make contact with the customers and through the interaction; they get to know each other on a one on one basis. This has built a culture of appreciation and the firm is able to understand the different cultural needs of its customers. The customers have fallen in line with Publix’s slogan of ‘where shopping is a pleasure’ (Publix Case, 2011). Demographics/Socio-culture The operations of Publix are revolving around caring and meeting the needs of all its customers despite having different ages, social class, race, and origin. It is in this light that the customers, employees and the public hold the view that Publix has no socio-cultural barriers and neither does it discriminate against people based on their demographic differences. To this chain, the d emographic and socio-cultural differences are just another added advantage for it to serve its customers fully without one part feeling left out! The effects of globalization, doing away with barriers to trade and economics, competition, advances in technology and the fact that people-centered services have become critical to success makes Publix the choice of many and these factors have seen the chain grow faster. The

Guilt vs Acceptance Essay Example for Free

Guilt vs Acceptance Essay The power and impact that guilt can have on one’s life can be a positive and negative experience depending on how the individual deals with their situation and whether or not they learn a lesson from their mistake. The novels A Separate Peace by John Knowles and Fifth Business by Robertson Davies share the theme of guilt in their storylines through events and relationships but differ as to how to the characters cope with their reactions through reflection and confrontation. A Separate Peace tells the story of a young boy by the name of Gene Forrester who in an act of jealousy and competitiveness pushes his friend Phineas out of a tree. Fifth Business surrounds the character Dunstan Ramsay, who as a child, ducks a snowball with a rock hidden within thrown at him by his friend Guy. The snowball hits Mary Dempster at the back of the head, causing her brain damage and the premature birth of her baby Paul Dempster. Both plots surround two men who look back at their lives and how a single negative event affects their childhood. What would appear to be an insignificant moment of the past evolves into a lifelong mental scar that poisons the characters with guilt and the desire for acceptance. The novels’ protagonists share encounters in childhood fueled by competitive friendships; however, Gene Forrester accepts responsibility for his actions and is able to move on while Dunstan Ramsay does not and lets his memories and guilt plague his life. The two novels are similar in the aspect that both Gene Forrester and Dunstan Ramsay are involved in childhood incidents that curse them with guilt. In the novel A Separate Peace, Gene Forrester subconsciously moves the branch he and his physically and socially superior friend Finny are standing on. Finny falls and is heavily injured and the casualties lead to his early death later on. â€Å"†¦and then my knees bent and I jounced the limb. Finny, his balance gone, swung his head around to look at me for an instant with extreme interest, and then he tumbled sideways, broke through the little branches below and hit the bank with a sickening, unnatural thud† (Knowles 60). Gene Forrester feels solely responsible for this terrible accident and feels extremely guilty. â€Å"If Phineas had been sitting here in this pool of guilt, how would he have felt, what would he have done? (Knowles 66). In the novel Fifth Business, a rich and jealous enraged friend Percy Boyd Staunton pursues Dunstan Ramsay. When Percy throws a rock concealed in a snowball at Dunstan’s head he ducks and lets it strike the pregnant Mary Dempster. This accident is the cause of the premature birth of Paul Dempster and the destruction of Mr. and Mrs. Dempster’s marriage and family. â€Å"I stepped briskly†¦in front of the Dempsters just as Percy threw, and the snowball hit Mrs. Dempster on the back of the head† (Davies 2). Dunstan feels responsible for Mrs. Dempster’s mental health, Paul Dempster’s physical health, and their ruin as a family. â€Å"I was contrite and guilty, for I knew the snowball had been meant for me, but the Dempster’s did not seem to think that† (Davies 3). Both characters suffer from these self-inflicted negative occurrences and struggle with the realization of what they have done and how it affects those involved. Another similarity between A Separate Peace and Fifth Business is that both Gene Forrester and Dunstan Ramsay have intimate friendships infused with jealousy and competition. These poisoned relationships both ignite the impactful events that occur in their childhoods. Gene feels in constant competition with Finny, who appears to be good at everything. â€Å"That way he, the great athlete, would be way ahead of me. It was all cold trickery, it was all calculated, it was all enmity† (Knowles 53). He is superior in appearance, physical capability, personal stamina and respect gained from popularity amongst the other boys at the school. â€Å"I couldn’t help envy him that a little, which was perfectly normal. There was no harm in envying even your best friend a little† (Knowles 25). Dunstan knows that Boy Staunton wishes to be the best in everything. He aspires to be the most handsome, most successful in a romantic relationship, most successful in a career and most popular. â€Å"Percy Boyd Staunton†¦the only man who accepted his watch with an air†¦it was a fine effect, and as I grinned and clapped, my stomach burned with jealousy† (Davies 97). He feels aggressive resentment for Boy as he lives the life that Dunstan secretly wishes he could himself. â€Å"Boy wore a gorgeous pullover of brownish-red†¦and his demeanor was that of the lords of creation. A pretty girl with shingled hair and rolled stockings that allowed you to see delightful flashes of her bare knees was with him, and they were taking alternate pulls on a flask that contained, I am sure, something intoxicating†¦I was filled with a sour scorn that I now know was nothing but envy†¦I didn’t really want the clothes, I didn’t really want the girl or the booze, but it scalded me to see him enjoying them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davies 113). The two novels capture the intensity of the character’s conflicted relationships with their closest friends as their constant struggle for a balance between hatred and respect fails to cease. The novels A Separate Peace and Fifth Business differ from each other within the main character’s thoughts and reflections on their memories. Gene Forrester accepts jostling the tree limb so Finny would fall, but understands the particular incident as a fragment of the past with no lasting effect on his life. Dunstan Ramsay however, remains attached to his guilt and responsibility for letting the snowball hit Mrs. Dempster and his actions haunt him for the remainder of his days. Gene Forrester revisits his old school and although experiences memories of fear from the past, it is only an echo not a current emotion. â€Å"Looking back now across fifteen years, I could see with great clarity the fear that I have lived in, which must mean that in the interval I had succeeded in a very important undertaking: I must have made my escape from it† (Knowles 10). He has not severed his feelings of regret towards the incident nor does he see Finny’s untimely death as unimportant but instead is able to appreciate his strong connection with this part of his past and can learn from his childhood errors. He understands that the experience matured him and was a crucial step in the climb of growing up. Gene visits the site where Finny fell with confidence and seeks the gratification of knowing that those years trapped at Devon school with an injured friend are behind him. â€Å"This was the tree, and it seemed to me standing there to resemble those men, the giants of your childhood, whom you encounter years later and find that they are not merely smaller in relation to your growth, but that they are absolutely smaller, shrunken by age† (Knowles 14). Dunstan Ramsay on the other hand, does not revisit sites from his past every 15 years but instead dedicates his entire life to the study of Saints and Mary Dempster’s impact on his life. He does not permit himself assessment of his child-self’s mentality during the accident and therefore, is never able to gain the satisfaction of learning from his mistakes. â€Å"Ramsey†¦You have paid such a price, and you look like a man full of secrets-grim-mouthed and buttoned-up and hard-eyed and cruel, because you are cruel to yourself. It has done you good to tell what you know; you look much more human already† (Davies 220). Instead of visiting places of his past or confronting those involved with his childhood, he sees his memories through a haze of anger and anxiety. An event that should have seemed insignificant and even negligible after so many years, is still important to him in his daily life and the emotions he felt 40 years ago have not changed but intensified. The fear and guilt he felt as a child is still fresh in his mind. â€Å"Cursing what seemed to be a life sentence†¦my association with Mrs. Dempster†¦It was as though I were visiting a part of my own soul that was condemned to live in hell† (Davies 182). The two characters, although faced with similar situations, choose different paths for their lives, which separate them from each other. A final contrast between the characters Gene Forrester and Dunstan Ramsay in the novels A Separate Peace and Fifth Business is the difference in their reaction to the event in their past. Both Gene and Dunstan suffer guilt about a single action in their childhood. Gene confronts his emotions and immediately tells Finny what happened, while Dunstan keeps the truth of the event a secret. While Finny is still recovering from his fall, Gene immediately visits Phineas after the accident and tells him the truth. Although he feels he makes things worse, it gives him a peace of mind and helps him to move on. â€Å"Finny, I’ve got something to tell you. You’re going to hate it, but there’s something I’ve got to tell you†¦This is the worst thing in the world† (Knowles 66-67). Gene is able to move past his guilty conscience of causing Finny’s fall and is able to focus his attention to mentally recovering and pushing forward in life. †¦in spite of everything, I welcomed each new day as though it were a new life, where all past failures and problems were erased, and all future possibilities and joys open and available, to be achieved probably before night fell again† (Knowles 105). Dunstan however, bottles up his thoughts and emotions concerning the events that occurred on the night Mrs. Dempster was hit on the back of t he head with a snowball. He does not tell anyone about the stone in the snow until the later years of his life. â€Å"Nevertheless this conversation reheated my strong sense of guilt and esponsibility about Paul, the war and my adult life had banked down that fire but not quenched it† (Davies 136). Dunstan keeps everything to himself and seeks out no help for his troubled mind and the stories and truths that are trapped within it. â€Å"The snow-in-the-snowball has been characteristic of too much you’ve done for you to forget it forever! † (Davies 270). The two outcomes of the two character’s lives is a reflection of how they handle the injury of the innocent and how they come to face the consequences of what they have done. The novels A Separate Peace and Fifth Business both display the lives of men who suffer a great deal in their childhood from unhealthy friendships and a singular bad event. Gene Forrester and Dunstan Ramsay share similarities in the occurrences of their lives but differentiate from each other in how they dealt with it. Gene faces his victim Finny with the truth of the accident, being that he deliberately jounced the limb so his superior friend would fall, and is therefore granted elation from his confession and a peace of mind. Gene matures free of guilt and the residue of the horrific event is but a memory he can briefly recall in his mind but not linger on. Dunstan Ramsey takes a different route, and on a downwards-spiraling path of shame, he lives a solitary life, left to face his childhood troubles every day, making ancient memories a constant reality. He matures with many emotional scars and does not feel any release from his inner torments. In conclusion, the two novels depict contrasting scenarios of self-reproach, one displays a character’s positive liberation of guilt and one shows a character’s negative manifestation of guilt.

Against Mandatory School Uniforms in Public School Essay -- Education

Imagine that you pick your seven-year-old child up from school. He is crying and wearing a different outfit than the one he wore to school. This is naturally upsetting but not as upsetting as your next discovery. His shirt, one you have never seen before, has a large "L" written on the sleeve in permanent marker; his shorts, also not his, are too large, stained and faded. Upon questioning your child, you discover that, despite your best efforts at compliance, your child’s clothing has violated the school’s uniform policy. Neither you nor your husband was called to bring your child a "compliant" change of clothing; rather a loaner uniform was forced upon your child. He was made to change into these alien clothes (McBride "Student" 1-2). The debate over mandatory uniforms in the public school system is raging across the country and in our own backyards. Proponents claim uniforms improve many areas in the educational arena while opponents vigorously challenge these claims. Opponents also cite potential civil rights violations while uniform supporters counter that the potential benefits greatly outweigh any loss of freedoms. The issue of mandatory uniforms in the public schools gained the spotlight of national attention following President Clinton’s 1996 State of the Union address. During that speech the President stated, "If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms" (Clinton 4). The President later visited Long Beach, California, where the first, district wide, mandatory school uniform policy in the country was enjoying seemingly remarkable success. He told those attending his speech that he had signed an order instructing the Secretary of Education to send to all school districts across the nation the newly generated Manual on School Uniforms ("Clinton" 1). The manual outlines specific steps for school districts wishing to implement uniform policies. It also gives examples of a few model policies from across the nation (United 1-7). The President went on to thank and praise Long Beach for their glowingly successful uniform policy ("Clinton" 3). Thus, the Long Beach Unified School District’s uniform policy became the national standard for school districts across the country. Despite the apparent success of some uniform policies, these ... ...il Liberties Union Freedom Network. 1 Mar. 1996. American Civil Liberties Union. 5 Apr. 2000 . "STAR 1998-1999 Score Level Comparisons of Total Scores for All Students: California Stanford Nine Scores." 30 Sept. 1999. California Dept. Of Edu. 15 Apr. 2000 . "STAR 1998-1999 Score Level Comparisons for All Students: Long Beach, California Stanford Nine Scores." 30 Sept. 1999. California Dept. Of Edu.Apr.2000 . "Student Prevails in North Carolina School Uniform Dispute." American Civil Liberties Union Freedom Network. 11 Jan. 2000. American Civil Liberties Union. 15 Apr. 2000 . Tillman, Tim. â€Å"Polk County School Uniform Compliance Data March 1999.† Polk County School Uniform Page. The Parental Action Committee of Polk County, FL. 19 Apr. 2000 . "Uniform Incidents." Polk County School Uniform Page. Aug. 1999. The Parental Action Committee of Polk County, Florida. 5 Apr. 2000 . United States. Department of Education. Manual on School Uniforms. 29 Feb. 1996. 6 Apr. 2000 . Van Der Laan, Dick. Telephone interview. Apr. 1996. Walters, Sabrina. "Dade Study: School Uniforms Haven’t Led to Better Conduct." Miami Herald 17 Sept. 1998: 1A. News Library. 8 Mar. 2000 . Against Mandatory School Uniforms in Public School Essay -- Education Imagine that you pick your seven-year-old child up from school. He is crying and wearing a different outfit than the one he wore to school. This is naturally upsetting but not as upsetting as your next discovery. His shirt, one you have never seen before, has a large "L" written on the sleeve in permanent marker; his shorts, also not his, are too large, stained and faded. Upon questioning your child, you discover that, despite your best efforts at compliance, your child’s clothing has violated the school’s uniform policy. Neither you nor your husband was called to bring your child a "compliant" change of clothing; rather a loaner uniform was forced upon your child. He was made to change into these alien clothes (McBride "Student" 1-2). The debate over mandatory uniforms in the public school system is raging across the country and in our own backyards. Proponents claim uniforms improve many areas in the educational arena while opponents vigorously challenge these claims. Opponents also cite potential civil rights violations while uniform supporters counter that the potential benefits greatly outweigh any loss of freedoms. The issue of mandatory uniforms in the public schools gained the spotlight of national attention following President Clinton’s 1996 State of the Union address. During that speech the President stated, "If it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms" (Clinton 4). The President later visited Long Beach, California, where the first, district wide, mandatory school uniform policy in the country was enjoying seemingly remarkable success. He told those attending his speech that he had signed an order instructing the Secretary of Education to send to all school districts across the nation the newly generated Manual on School Uniforms ("Clinton" 1). The manual outlines specific steps for school districts wishing to implement uniform policies. It also gives examples of a few model policies from across the nation (United 1-7). The President went on to thank and praise Long Beach for their glowingly successful uniform policy ("Clinton" 3). Thus, the Long Beach Unified School District’s uniform policy became the national standard for school districts across the country. Despite the apparent success of some uniform policies, these ... ...il Liberties Union Freedom Network. 1 Mar. 1996. American Civil Liberties Union. 5 Apr. 2000 . "STAR 1998-1999 Score Level Comparisons of Total Scores for All Students: California Stanford Nine Scores." 30 Sept. 1999. California Dept. Of Edu. 15 Apr. 2000 . "STAR 1998-1999 Score Level Comparisons for All Students: Long Beach, California Stanford Nine Scores." 30 Sept. 1999. California Dept. Of Edu.Apr.2000 . "Student Prevails in North Carolina School Uniform Dispute." American Civil Liberties Union Freedom Network. 11 Jan. 2000. American Civil Liberties Union. 15 Apr. 2000 . Tillman, Tim. â€Å"Polk County School Uniform Compliance Data March 1999.† Polk County School Uniform Page. The Parental Action Committee of Polk County, FL. 19 Apr. 2000 . "Uniform Incidents." Polk County School Uniform Page. Aug. 1999. The Parental Action Committee of Polk County, Florida. 5 Apr. 2000 . United States. Department of Education. Manual on School Uniforms. 29 Feb. 1996. 6 Apr. 2000 . Van Der Laan, Dick. Telephone interview. Apr. 1996. Walters, Sabrina. "Dade Study: School Uniforms Haven’t Led to Better Conduct." Miami Herald 17 Sept. 1998: 1A. News Library. 8 Mar. 2000 .

Marcel Duchamp Why Is the Fountain Art

The In-depth Artist of the What was Fountain originally submitted for and what happened to it? The 1917 urinal aka Fountain was originally put on display during a show promoting Avant grade art. Avant grade means advance guard which is a military term. Avant garde was art movement which originated in France in 1850 in order to open the eyes and more so, make fun of or shock the average or elite viewer. To put an everyday, ordinary item on display and call it art. For many of the upper class directors of the showing, this piece was ridiculous and they did not understand it and thought it an insult of sorts. Shortly after its first and only exhibit, the Fountain just happened to vanish. This particular piece was one of the more remembered pieces of these ready-mades that Duchamp produced. Other artists from 1850, which was the beginning of the Avant Garde Movement, to approximately 1970, also had well known pieces of art that was displayed to the elite, rich, and upper class viewers, including Andy Warhol, Rockefeller and Basquit. The pieces were to rattle there conscience and make them look deeper at ordinary pieces and more or less humble them in a way or make fun of their elite, snobbish, uptight, society waysSalvador Dali The Love of Zero, a 1927 film by Robert Florey. Is a piece of art like the Fountain plagiarism or is it art by virtue of selection? The piece of art similar to the Fountain could be considered plagiarism by some because the originality of the piece was not created by the artist themselves but by someone else. The artist merely used another persons ordinary, everyday invention or household item per say and displayed it as a piece of art. The ordinary item then transformed from the ordinary item with a humble use and purpose to a piece of art on display causing the viewer to search deeper for what the artist might have meant by using it. The same piece could also be considered Art by virtue of selection as well. Being that the particular art piece on display has a different meaning for each viewer; the same piece put on display by different artists would again have a different meaning to them as well. Any artist could have a collection of pieces that he feels is his very best masterpieces while a viewer may see that same collection as the worst thing he has ever seen. It is all in the eyes of the beholder. Art by virtue of selection means that is a selection from or by the artist as to what he feels is a appealing or is what he would like or prefer for himself. With that, we have to appreciate that each of us are unique and have our own individual tastes. 3. What is the Dada movement? What piece of art spawned the Dada movement? Dada movement originated in Zurich in 1916-1923 was also called (The Non Movement By Shelley Esaak). A group of artists and writers, during World War 1 went against the war and the society and cultures of the viewer that condoned the war or caused its production . This group were similar to the hippies of the 60s, who protested against the government and war, but did so with humor, wittiness and sarcasm but not anger as the later. , Duchamp, being among that group, was the creator of many of those sarcastic pieces and had made fun of already well known pieces of art. They took different subjects, altered them in hoping that the upper class citizens or the elite would love it, hate it or take it as the sarcastic, humorous and witty piece they had intended for it to be. A good example of this is the portrait painting of the infamous Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. Duchamp had doodled a mustache and goatee on the womans face. Of course this was humorous. to many and insulting to others, more so to the elite, high society followers of the latter. Duchamp and his fellow artists were not necessarily defiling or demeaning the art nor trying to be angry and confrontational; but more so get the attention of the viewer to not focus on the war at hand, their high life living, governmental rules and beliefs 4. Look through Duchamps other artwork? What pieces do you like and why? What was his inspiration for those pieces? After researching with great intrigue and interest in the meanings of not only Marcel Duchamps work, but his entire lifes events. He seemed to have such a deep, comical at times to the point of almost sadness image and view of the world around him. It is hard to decide if he is mocking society, making fun of it and thinks him superior to just very observant to the human perception. I was especially interested on his self portrait of himself as an infamous, black, socialite, librarian, Belle da Costa Greene. Whose parents had. Resided in the nations capital until they divorced . Her, her mother and siblings were able to play off that they were of a white heritage with their light skin. She went on to be the personal librarian to JP Morgan and then to his son Jack. With her profound beauty and outspoken intelligence, she became accepted as a highly elite socialite among the tradesman, dealers and Madison Avenues society. She had never married and lived as the Morgans personal librarian till her death retirement in 1948 and death two years later. Her well known expertise and unlimited available funds to make trades for her extensive built library she was very well respected and able to be mingle amongst the highest society groups, she once announced, Just because I am a librarian with a and inheriting a large sum of money An announcement she had made as a motto per say for herself, Just because I am a librarian, doesnt mean I have dress like one. She had designer clothing and rare exotic looks, was once asked if she was Mr. Morgans mistress and her only response was We Tried Mr. Morgan had left her $50,000. 00 in his will. The in-depth information was forthcoming to the conclusion of my personal perception and Marcel Duchamps meaning behind the portrait of himself dressed as an elegant socialite: Rrose Selavy Was he making fun of her and the secrets she kept of hersefl througout her life or was he just intrigued by her as well as others who was her aqaintances? I find it interesting take as to think he would be using her as a readymade perhaps Rrose Selavy (Marcel Duchamp).

Capital stracture

Key factors that affect structure choice 5. 1. 1 Profitability and variation of profitability Profitability is one of the most tested company characteristics In empirical research regarding companies choice of capital structure. The trade-off theory predicts that higher profitability is associated with Increased debt levels and the reason for this Is twofold.First, companies achieving high profitability have less risk of financial distress and bankruptcy, so the cost of debt Is lower. Second, higher profitability means that companies can achieve higher utilization of the Interest tax shield by Increasing the amount leverage and hence the promised Interest payments each period. Similarly, Increased debt will serve as a adolescently factor for managers when free cash flow likely Increase with Increased profitability.However, as dynamic trade- off theory predicts adjustment costs will prevent companies from adjusting the capital structure immediately and the unlikelihood of companies be ing at their refinancing points at the time of measurement causes the prediction of the found allegations between leverage and profitability to be negative due to the static nature of the determinant analysis. Retained earnings are the favored financing according to the pecking order theory which contradicts the predictions made by trade-off theory.Higher profitability should enable the company to retain more earnings which is the preferable source of funding, and as such, the amount of leverage needed by the company should decrease. Empirically, profitability is consistently found to be negatively related to leverage, as predicted by both theories. Therefore the following hypothesis is made 5. 1. Asset Tangibility (Asset in place) The thought behind asset tangibility as a determinant is that tangible assets provide more security for potential investors as assets can serve as collateral.This will reduce the risk for debt holders and ultimately reduce the cost of debt for the compani es and they will be able to operate with higher leverage ratios without Incurring higher financial distress costs. Accordingly, the trade-off theory predicts that companies In which tangible assets accounts for a large part of the asset structure should Include larger debt levels than companies with a relatively larger amount of Intangible assets. Furthermore, collateralized debt makes It difficult for Investors to conduct asset substitution as the debt holders have collateral In specific assets.Therefore agency costs should be lower between shareholders and debt holders, and companies should use more debt relative to the amount of tangible assets they own. The pecking order theory makes the opposite prediction as It suggest that tangibility will generate less information asymmetries between potential Investors and shareholders, and hence the cost of issuing equity will fall, resulting in lower levels of used to predict that the cost of debt will fall as they will now be able to hav e alliterated debt.So unless the cost of equity falls below the cost of debt, the pecking order theory implies that companies will use the cheapest sources of funding, debt would still be the preferred funding to equity, at least for moderate amounts of debt. Therefore the prediction of the pecking order theory might not be as unambiguous as some researchers argue. Based on predictions of these theories and the consistent findings in previous empirical research the following relationship between asset tangibility and leverage is expected. 5. 1. Growth Opportunity Growth opportunities calls for a similar reasoning as previously used to explain the predictions of asset tangibility effect on leverage, although with opposing conclusions. The first notion of the relationship between growth opportunities and leverage is made by Myers, who states that the problem of shareholders making suboptimal investment decisions is more severe when a company has more growth opportunities as potential investors cannot value or decide which growth opportunities the company should follow.The value of a company's growth opportunities are most likely only valuable to the individual company, or at least less liable to other companies, in which case the costs of financial distress and bankruptcy will be higher for companies with many growth opportunities. With this consideration the trade-off theory suggests a negative relationship between growth opportunities and leverage.Similarly, with many investment opportunities the earnings before taxes is assumed to be lower in which case companies will not be able to fully utilize the interest tax shields associated with high amounts of leverage. Furthermore, companies having more investment opportunities likely value financial legibility highly, which also reduce the optimal leverage ratio. Contrasting this prediction is once again the pecking order theory, as it predicts a positive relationship between debt and growth opportunities.The argum entation behind is that growth opportunities involves higher information asymmetries as shareholder are not willing to reveal much information about their investment opportunities, and given that investment opportunities requires investment outlays and thus increasing a company's financing deficit, companies will issue debt financing and preferable worth-term financing when they experience finance deficits. The empirical results show consistent behavior of the relationship between leverage and growth opportunities and it is expected that this behavior is also present for Danish companies.

Platinum Facts on the Periodic Table of the Elements

Platinum Facts on the Periodic Table of the Elements Platinum is a transition metal that is highly valued for jewelry and alloys. Here are interesting facts about this element. Platinum Basic Facts Atomic Number: 78 Symbol: Pt Atomic Weight: 195.08 Discovery Its difficult to assign credit for the discovery. Ulloa 1735 (in South America), Wood in 1741, Julius Scaliger in 1735 (Italy) all can make claims. Platinum was used in relatively pure form by the pre-Columbian Indians. Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 Word Origin: from the Spanish word platina, meaning little silver Isotopes Six stable isotopes of platinum occur in nature (190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198). Information on three additional radioisotopes is available (191, 193, 197). Properties Platinum has a melting point of 1772 Â °C, the boiling point of 3827 /- 100 Â °C, the specific gravity of 21.45 (20 Â °C), with a valence of 1, 2, 3, or 4. Platinum is a ductile and malleable silvery-white metal. It does not oxidize in air at any temperature, although it is corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. Platinum does not dissolve in hydrochloric or nitric acid but will dissolve when the two acids are mixed to form aqua regia. Uses Platinum is used in jewelry, wire, to make crucibles and vessels for laboratory work, electrical contacts, thermocouples, for coating items that must be exposed to high temperatures for long periods of time or must resist corrosion, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobalt alloys have interesting magnetic properties. Platinum absorbs large amounts of hydrogen at room temperature, yielding it at red heat. The metal is often used as a catalyst. The platinum wire will glow red-hot in the vapor of methanol, where it acts as a catalyst, converting it to formaldehyde. Hydrogen and oxygen will explode in the presence of platinum. Sources Platinum occurs in native form, usually with small amounts of other metals belonging to the same group (osmium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium, and rhodium). Another source of the metal is sperrylite (PtAs2). Element Classification Transition Metal Platinum Physical Data Density (g/cc): 21.45 Melting Point (K): 2045 Boiling Point (K): 4100 Appearance: very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 139 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 9.10 Covalent Radius (pm): 130 Ionic Radius: 65 (4e) 80 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.133 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 21.76 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): ~470 Debye Temperature (K): 230.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.28 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 868.1 Oxidation States: 4, 2, 0 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.920 References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

American Revolution, Major General Nathanael Greene

American Revolution, Major General Nathanael Greene Major General Nathanael Greene (August 7,  1742–June 19, 1786) was one of General George Washingtons most trusted subordinates during the American Revolution. Initially commanding Rhode Islands militia, he earned a commission in the Continental Army in June 1775 and within a year was leading large formations in Washingtons command. In 1780, he was given command of American forces in the South and conducted an effective campaign that greatly weakened British forces in the region and ultimately forced them back to Charleston, South Carolina. Fast Facts: Nathanael Greene Rank: Major GeneralService: Continental ArmyBorn: August 7, 1742 in Potowomut, Rhode IslandDied: June 19, 1786 in Mulberry Grove Plantation, GeorgiaParents: Nathanael and Mary GreeneSpouse: Catharine LittlefieldConflicts: American Revolution (1775–1783)Known For: Siege of Boston, Battle of Trenton, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Guilford Court House, Battle of Eutaw Springs Early Life Nathanael Greene was born on August 7, 1742, in Potowomut, Rhode Island. He was the son of a Quaker farmer and businessman. Despite religious misgivings about formal education, the young Greene excelled in his studies and was able to convince his family to retain a tutor to teach him Latin and advanced mathematics. Guided by future Yale University president Ezra Stiles, Greene continued his academic progress. When his father died in 1770, he began to distance himself from the church and was elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly. This religious separation continued when he married the non-Quaker Catherine Littlefield in July 1774. The couple would ultimately have six children who survived infancy. American Revolution A supporter of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution, Greene assisted in the formation of a local militia near his home at Coventry, Rhode Island, in August 1774. Greenes participation in the units activities was limited due to a slight limp. Unable to march with the men, he became an avid student of military tactics and strategy. As such, Greene acquired a substantial library of military texts, and like fellow self-taught officer Henry Knox, worked to master the subject. His devotion to military affairs led to his expulsion from the Quakers. The following year, Greene was again elected to the General Assembly. In the wake of the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Greene was appointed as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Army of Observation. In this capacity, he led the colonys troops to join in the siege of Boston. Becoming a General Recognized for his abilities, Greene was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Continental Army on June 22, 1775. A few weeks later, on July 4, he met General George Washington and the two became close friends. With the British evacuation of Boston in March 1776, Washington placed Greene in command of the city before dispatching him south to Long Island. Promoted to major general on August 9, he was given command of Continental forces on the island. After constructing fortifications in early August, he missed the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Long Island on the 27th due to a severe fever. Greene finally saw combat on September 16, when he commanded troops during the Battle of Harlem Heights. Engaged during the later part of the battle, his men helped push the British back. After he was given command of American forces in New Jersey, Greene launched an abortive attack on Staten Island on October 12. Moved to command Fort Washington (on Manhattan) later that month, he erred by encouraging Washington to hold the fort. Though Colonel Robert Magaw was ordered to defend the fort to the last, it fell on November 16, and more than 2,800 Americans were captured. Three days later, Fort Lee across the Hudson River was taken as well. Philadelphia Campaign Though Greene was blamed for the loss of both forts, Washington still had confidence in the Rhode Island general. After falling back across New Jersey, Greene led a wing of the army during the victory at the Battle of Trenton on December 26. A few days later, on January 3, he played a role at the Battle of Princeton. After entering winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, Greene spent part of 1777 lobbying the Continental Congress for supplies. On September 11, he commanded a division during the defeat at Brandywine, before leading one of the attack columns at Germantown on October 4. After moving to Valley Forge for the winter, Washington appointed Greene quartermaster general on March 2, 1778. Greene accepted on the condition that he be allowed to retain his combat command. Diving into his new responsibilities, he was frequently frustrated by Congress unwillingness to allocate supplies. After departing Valley Forge, the army fell upon the British near Monmouth Court House, New Jersey. In the resulting Battle of Monmouth, Greene led the right wing of the army and his men successfully repulsed heavy British assaults on their lines. Rhode Island That August, Greene was sent to Rhode Island with the Marquis de Lafayette to coordinate an offensive with French Admiral Comte dEstaing. This campaign came to a dismal end when American forces under Brigadier General John Sullivan were defeated on August 29. Returning to the main army in New Jersey, Greene led American forces to victory at the Battle of Springfield on June 23, 1780. Two months later, Greene resigned as quartermaster general, citing Congressional interference in army matters. On September 29, 1780, he presided over the court-martial that condemned spy Major John Andre to death. After American forces in the South suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Camden, Congress asked Washington to select a new commander for the region to replace the disgraced Major General Horatio Gates. Going South Without hesitation, Washington appointed Greene to lead Continental forces in the South. Greene took command of his new army at Charlotte, North Carolina, on December 2, 1780. Facing a superior British force led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis, Greene sought to buy time to rebuild his battered army. He divided his men in two and gave command of one force to Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. The following month, Morgan defeated Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens. Despite the victory, Greene and his commander still did not feel the army was ready to engage Cornwallis. After reuniting with Morgan, Greene continued a strategic retreat and crossed the Dan River on February 14, 1781. Due to flood waters on the river, Cornwallis elected to return south to North Carolina. After camping at Halifax Court House, Virginia, for a week, Greene was sufficiently reinforced to recross the river and begin shadowing Cornwallis. On March 15, the two armies met at the Battle of Guilford Court House. Though Greenes men were forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on Cornwallis army, compelling it to withdraw toward Wilmington, North Carolina. In the wake of the battle, Cornwallis decided to move north into Virginia. Greene decided not to pursue and instead moved south to reconquer the Carolinas. Despite a minor defeat at Hobkirks Hill on April 25, Greene succeeded in retaking the interior of South Carolina by mid-June 1781. After allowing his men to rest in the Santee Hills for six weeks, he resumed the campaign and won a strategic victory at Eutaw Springs on September 8. By the end of the campaign season, the British were forced back to Charleston, where they were contained by Greenes men. Greene remained outside the city until the wars end. Death With the conclusion of hostilities, Greene returned home to Rhode Island. For his service in the South, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia all voted him large grants of land. After being forced to sell much of his new land to pay off debts, Greene moved to Mulberry Grove, outside of Savannah, in 1785. He died on June 19, 1786, after suffering from heat stroke.